Table 4 of Johnson, Mol Vis 2014; 20:1228-1242.


Table 4. Model-derived parameters, described in the text, characterizing the pharmacokinetics of the five AREDS nutrients in the two dosage forms, tablets and softgels, and for the two different amounts from the latter, two versus one softgel. These parameters are derived from fits to the averaged responses over all 15 subjects for each sampling time, dosage form, and nutrient, data provided in Appendix 3, Appendix 4, and Appendix 5. These parameters were used to generate the curves appearing in Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5 and Appendix 8.

Formulation β-Carotene α-Tocopherol Ascorbic Acid Copper Zinc
k1 (h−1)
4 Tablets 0.030 0.030 0.191 0.022 0.210, 0.040
2 Softgels 0.030 0.030 0.077 0.025 0.140, 0.060
1 Softgel 0.030 0.030 0.252 0.028 0.200, 0.035
k2 (h−1)
4 Tablets 0.049 0.139 0.429 0.056 0.220, 0.040
2 Softgels 0.073 0.085 0.347 0.042 0.140, 0.060
1 Softgel 0.074 0.126 0.331 0.051 0.200, 0.035
tmax (h)
4 Tablets 26 14 3.4 30 4.7, 33
2 Softgels 21 19 7.1 33 7.1, 29
1 Softgel 21 15 5.0 29 5, 37
Integral (μmol/l*h)
4 Tablets 12.7 935 405 180 220
2 Softgels 5.6 636 576 158 183
1 Softgel 5.2 446 163 131 248
N1(0; μmol)
4 Tablets 0.64 131 186 11 14
2 Softgels 0.42 55 205 7 16
1 Softgel 0.38 57 58 7 12
% Absorbed
4 Tablets 10% 76% 36% 206% 7%
2 Softgels 6% 32% 39% 134% 8%
1 Softgel 12% 65% 22% 267% 11%