Table 4 of
Johnson, Mol Vis 2014; 20:1228-1242.
Table 4. Model-derived parameters, described in the text, characterizing the pharmacokinetics of the five AREDS nutrients in the two dosage forms, tablets and softgels, and for the two different amounts from the latter, two versus one softgel. These parameters are derived from fits to the averaged responses over all 15 subjects for each sampling time, dosage form, and nutrient, data provided in Appendix 3, Appendix 4, and Appendix 5. These parameters were used to generate the curves appearing in Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5 and Appendix 8.
| Formulation | β-Carotene | α-Tocopherol | Ascorbic Acid | Copper | Zinc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| k1 (h−1) | |||||
| 4 Tablets | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.191 | 0.022 | 0.210, 0.040 |
| 2 Softgels | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.077 | 0.025 | 0.140, 0.060 |
| 1 Softgel | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.252 | 0.028 | 0.200, 0.035 |
| k2 (h−1) | |||||
| 4 Tablets | 0.049 | 0.139 | 0.429 | 0.056 | 0.220, 0.040 |
| 2 Softgels | 0.073 | 0.085 | 0.347 | 0.042 | 0.140, 0.060 |
| 1 Softgel | 0.074 | 0.126 | 0.331 | 0.051 | 0.200, 0.035 |
| tmax (h) | |||||
| 4 Tablets | 26 | 14 | 3.4 | 30 | 4.7, 33 |
| 2 Softgels | 21 | 19 | 7.1 | 33 | 7.1, 29 |
| 1 Softgel | 21 | 15 | 5.0 | 29 | 5, 37 |
| Integral (μmol/l*h) | |||||
| 4 Tablets | 12.7 | 935 | 405 | 180 | 220 |
| 2 Softgels | 5.6 | 636 | 576 | 158 | 183 |
| 1 Softgel | 5.2 | 446 | 163 | 131 | 248 |
| N1(0; μmol) | |||||
| 4 Tablets | 0.64 | 131 | 186 | 11 | 14 |
| 2 Softgels | 0.42 | 55 | 205 | 7 | 16 |
| 1 Softgel | 0.38 | 57 | 58 | 7 | 12 |
| % Absorbed | |||||
| 4 Tablets | 10% | 76% | 36% | 206% | 7% |
| 2 Softgels | 6% | 32% | 39% | 134% | 8% |
| 1 Softgel | 12% | 65% | 22% | 267% | 11% |