Molecular Vision
2011; 17:667-672 <http://www.molvis.org/molvis/v17/a76> Received 6 February 2011 | Accepted 1 March 2011 | Published 8 March 2011
Molecular Vision
2011; 17:667-672 <http://www.molvis.org/molvis/v17/a76>
Received 6 February 2011 | Accepted 1 March 2011 | Published 8 March
2011
Khaled K. Abu-Amero,1 Hatem Kalantan,2 Abdulrahman M. Al-Muammar2
1Ophthalmic Genetics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2Anterior Segment Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Correspondence to: Khaled K. Abu-Amero, Ph.D., Ophthalmic Genetics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P. O. Box 245, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia; Phone: +96614786100; FAX: +96614775742; email: abuamero@gmail.com
Purpose: To screen the visual system homebox 1 (VSX1) gene in Saudi Arabian keratoconus patients.
Methods: We sequenced the entire coding region, exon-intron boundaries in clinically confirmed keratoconus patients (n=55) and 50 ethnically matched healthy controls. All cases and controls were unrelated.
Results: Sequencing VSX1 revealed the presence of five nucleotide changes, 3 of which were non-coding (g.8326 G>A, g.10945 G>T, and g.11059 A>C) and 2 were synonymous-coding sequence changes (g.5053 G>T and g.8222 A>G). All five sequence changes were benign polymorphisms with no apparent clinical significance.
Conclusions: In our keratoconus cohort, no pathogenic VSX1 mutation(s) were identified.
Keratoconus (KTCN; OMIM 148300) is a non-inflammatory thinning and anterior protrusion of the cornea that results in steepening and distortion of the cornea, altered refractive powers and altered visual acuity. In more advanced cases, corneal scarring from corneal edema and decompensation further reduces visual acuity. Symptoms are highly variable and depend on the stage of progression of the disorder [1,2]. The prevalence of keratoconus has been reported to vary in different studies, from 8.8 to 54.4 per 100,000 [3,4], the variation is in part due to the different diagnostic criteria used. The incidence of keratoconus ranges between 1/500 to 1/2,000 individuals throughout the world [5]. The disease occurs with no ethnic or gender preponderance and causes significant visual impairment [2,5,6]. Keratoconus should be divided into three broad categories: i) keratoconus associated with rare genetic disorders (such as Down syndrome, nail-patella syndrome, neurofibromatosis, etc); ii) keratoconus in the setting of commonly reported associations (contact lens wear, eye rubbing, atopy, Leber congenital amaurosis, mitral valve prolapsed and positive family history) and iii) isolated keratoconus with no associations. Most cases of keratoconus are sporadic but some (5%–10%) have a positive family history [6,7]. In such cases both autosomal recessive and dominant patterns of inheritance have been reported [8-11]. There are several chromosomal loci and genes reported to be associated with keratoconus [6,11]. some of which were eventually excluded [6,12], while others showed no confirmed association with the disease [13,14]. This is not the case for the visual system homebox 1 (VSX1) gene where mutations associated with keratoconus cases have been found in different studies [15-18], although other studies which did not find VSX1 mutations in cohorts of keratoconus patients from various populations [19,20]. This indicates that keratoconus is a complex condition of multi-factorial etiology and that mutations in VSX1 are not responsible for all cases of keratoconus. To our knowledge, this is the first time VSX1 was screened for mutations in the Saudi keratconus patients.
The study adheres to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, and all participants signed an informed consent. The study was approved by the College of Medicine (King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) ethical committee (proposal number # 09–659). All study subjects were self identified of Saudi Arabian ethnicity. Family names were all present in the database of Arab families of Saudi Arabian origin. In this study we screened 55 unrelated Saudi Keratoconus patients (each patient represents one family) and 50 ethnically matched unrelated controls for mutations in the VSX1 gene. Patients were selected from the anterior segment clinic at King Abdulaziz University Hospital after examination. Patients were diagnosed with keratoconus if the Schimpff-flow based elevation map showed posterior corneal elevation within the central 5 mm ≥+20 µm, inferior-superior dioptric asymmetry (I-S value) >1.2 diopters (D) and the steepest keratometrey >47 D. Patients were considered as sporadic cases after examining the immediate family members and identifying the patient as isolated case of keratoconus. Exclusion criteria was based on presence of post- laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) ectasia and refusal to participate.
Controls were recruited from the general ophthalmology clinic and had no ocular disease(s) or previous ophthalmic surgeries. Their slit lamp exam showed clear cornea and their Schimpff-flow based elevation map were within normal limits.
All Keratoconus cases secondary to causes such as trauma, surgery, Ehlers Danlos syndrome, Osteogenesis Imperfecta and pellucid marginal degeneration were excluded from the study.
Five milliliters of peripheral blood were collected in EDTA tubes from all participating individuals. DNA was extracted using the illustra blood genomicPrep Mini Spin Kit from GE Healthcare (Buckinhamshire, UK), and stored at –20 °C in aliquots until required. PCR amplification of the VSX1 coding region were performed using the primers detailed in Table 1. Successfully amplified fragments were sequenced in both directions using the M13 forward and reverse primers and the BigDye terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster city, CA). Fragments were then run on the 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer protocol. All sequenced fragments were analyzed using SeqScape software v2.6 (Applied Biosystems) and compared to the VSX1 reference sequence (GenBank NG_008101).
Fifty-five unrelated Keratoconus patients (Table 2) and 50 unrelated controls were recruited into this study. Of the 55 Keratoconus patients there were 24 males and 31 females with a mean age of 28.9 (SD 7.7). Of the 50 controls there were 19 males and 31 females with a mean age of 60 (SD 17). Examining the family pedigrees in the keratoconus patients indicated that the mode of inheritance was sporadic in 56.4% of cases, 34.6% were autosomal recessive; 5.4% were autosomal dominant, and 3.6% of cases were indeterminable (Table 2). The full coding region, exon-intron boundaries and the 5′UTR and 3′UTR of VSX1 was sequenced in all subjects. We detected five nucleotide changes in both patients and controls (Table 3). Two were previously reported (rs8123716 and rs12480307; and three are novel; Table 3). Three of the sequence changes g.5053 G>T, g.8326 G>A, and g.11059 A>C were heterozygous and two were homozygous (g.8222 A>G and g.10945 G>T). None of the sequence changes detected were pathogenic. Two (g.5053 G>T and g.8222 A>G) were synonymous coding, one intronic (g.8326 G>A), and two (g.10945 G>T and g.11059 A>C) in the 3′ UTR region.
We detected five nucleotide changes in both the patients and control groups-none of which were pathogenic. Similar results have been published recently [19]. The lack of pathogenic sequence changes in VSX1 in our keratoconus cohort, indicates that VSX1 mutations are not responsible for keratoconus cases in this population. VSX1 is amemeber of the Vsx1 group of vertebrate paired-like homeodomian transcripition factors. It has been localized to the human chromosome 20p11-q11. VSX1 is considered important in ocular development and is particularly involved in the developing cornea. Expression in human was demonstrated in embryonic craniofacial, adult cornea and adult retinal cDNA libraries [21]. VSX1 mRNA has been found in the outer tier of the inner nuclear layer of the human retina and the cornea [22]. Thus far, mutations reported in this gene such as p.H244R, p.G160D, p.D144E, p.P247R, p.L159M, and p.R166W have been reported in various ethnic groups, but a definite pathogenic role has not been established [23]. VSX1 mutations are also associated with posterior polymorphous dystrophy [24]. For these aforementioned reasons, the direct link of VSX1 with keratoconus is controversial. This suggest that other loci, such as 13q32 [25], may be involved in the pathogenesis of keratoconus.
In our patient group, we noticed that females were more affected than males. In the literature, it is unclear whether significant differences between males and females exist. Some studies have not found differences in the prevalence between genders [7,26]; others have found a greater prevalence in females [27,28]; while other investigators have found a greater prevalence in males.
In the literature, most cases of keratoconus are sporadic, but a proportion (5%–10%) may be familial [6,7]. In our population, as judged by the family pedigree, 56.4% of cases were sporadic, 34.6% had autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, 5.4% were autosomal dominant, and 3.6% of cases were difficult to determine. So 40% (22 patients) of our keratoconus cohort were familial and this percentage is higher than that reported previously in the literature. This high rate of familial cases, could be attributed to the soaring scale of consanguinity in this society which reaches up to 60% in some areas of the Kingdom [29].
In the literature, 90% of pedigrees with familial keratoconus display an autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance [8,30]. Other modes of inheritance have been described, including autosomal recessive mode in families with children of consanguineous parents [31,32]. In our population, the familial cases (19 out of 22) had an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. This is ideal for linkage analysis to identify the causative gene(s) in our population by focusing on families with multiple affected individuals, preferably in two or more generations.
The authors would like to acknowledge the research center of the College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.