Molecular Vision 2011; 17:2093-2101
<http://www.molvis.org/molvis/v17/a228>
Received 25 May 2011 | Accepted 27 July 2011 | Published 9 August 2011
Molecular Vision 2011; 17:2093-2101
<http://www.molvis.org/molvis/v17/a228>
Received 25 May 2011 |
Accepted 27 July 2011 |
Published 9 August 2011
Hee-Jung Kim,1 Wool Suh,2 Sung Chul Park,2 Chan Yun Kim,3 Ki Ho Park,4 Michael S. Kook,5 Yong Yeon Kim,6 Chang-Sik Kim,7 Chan Kee Park,8 Chang-Seok Ki,1 Changwon Kee2
The first two authors contributed equally to this work
1Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; 2Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; 3Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; 4Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; 5Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; 6Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; 7Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejon, Korea; 8Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Correspondence to: Changwon Kee, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Ophthalmology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Korea; Phone: +82-2-3410-3564; FAX: +82-2-3410-0074; email: ckee@skku.edu
Purpose: To elucidate the incidence of cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) and myocillin (MYOC) mutations in Korean patients with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG).
Methods: Genomic DNA was collected from peripheral blood of 85 unrelated Korean patients who were diagnosed as having PCG by standard ophthalmological examinations and screened for mutations in the CYP1B1 and MYOC genes by using bi-directional sequencing.
Results: Among 85 patients with PCG, 22 patients (22/85; 25.9%) had either one (n=11) or two (n=11) mutant alleles of the CYP1B1 gene. Among 11 different CYP1B1 mutations identified, a frameshift mutation (c.970_971dupAT; p.T325SfsX104) was the most frequent mutant allele (6/33; 18.2%) while p.G329S and p.V419Gfs11X were novel. In the MYOC gene, two variants of unknown significance (p.L228S and p.E240G) were identified in two PCG patients (2/85; 2.4%), respectively. No patient had mutations in both genes.
Conclusions: Although CYP1B1 mutations are major causes of PCG in Korea, ~70% of PCG patients have neither CYP1B1 nor MYOC mutations suggesting a high degree of genetic heterogeneity. Furthermore, the fact that 11 out of 22 patients had only one mutant allele in the CYP1B1 gene necessitates further investigation for other genetic backgrounds underlying PCG.
Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG; OMIM 231300) is a rare but severe form of glaucoma, which usually manifests within the first year of life [1]. It is characterized by high ocular pressure (IOP) resulting from an obstruction of aqueous outflow from the anterior segment of the eye, and is thought to be the result of an anatomic defect in the trabecular meshwork and anterior chamber [2]. Increased IOP causes irreversible damage to the optic nerve and can lead to blindness if untreated. Affected children typically present with photophobia, epiphora, corneal clouding, and enlargement of globe or cornea. PCG occurs in both familial and sporadic patterns [3]. Inheritance in familial cases is usually autosomal recessive. Incidence of PCG is geographically and ethnically variable, with the lowest incidence (1:10,000) in the Western population and higher incidence in inbred populations, such as the Gypsy subpopulation of Slovakia (1:1,250) [4]. Three loci have been mapped for PCG (gene symbol GLC3), GLC3A (2p21; OMIM 231300), GLC3B (1p36.2; OMIM 600975), and GLC3C (14q24.3). The gene associated with GLC3A, cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 (CYP1B1; OMIM 601771), has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PCG. Physiologic studies have confirmed that mutations in CYP1B1 can cause disease; however, the pathway by which CYP1B1 affects development of the anterior chamber of the eye is unknown. The proportion of PCG patients whose disease is due to CYP1B1 mutations is generally high, but varies among populations, ranging from 100% in Slovakian Roma to ~10% in Mexico [4,5]. No responsible gene has yet been identified at the GLC3B and GLC3C loci [6].
Of particular interest, the myocilin gene (MYOC; OMIM 601652), the first open angle glaucoma gene, was initially reported to interact with CYP1B1 through a digenic mechanism, leading to juvenile open angle glaucoma [7]. However, MYOC has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of some cases of PCG, either independently or in association with CYP1B1 [8,9].
Herein, we screened both the CYP1B1 and MYOC genes in 1 familial and 84 sporadic cases of PCG to identify the underlying genetic mutations in a Korean population.
The study protocol adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and informed consent was obtained from patients or their responsible guardians. We conducted a prospective multi-institutional collaborative study from September, 2008 to February, 2010. A total of 85 unrelated PCG patients were recruited from seven hospitals in South Korea. Of the 85 cases, only one case was familial and the rest were sporadic. Criteria for PCG diagnosis included IOP ≥21 mmHg in at least one eye; megalocornea; corneal edema/clouding/ opacity; and glaucomatous optic nerve head damage when examination was possible. Corroborating features included symptoms of epiphora and photophobia. Patients with other ocular or systemic anomalies were excluded.
To determine whether sequence variants identified were polymorphic in Korean population, we used a panel of DNA from 105 to 200 unrelated Korean individuals who attended the clinic for conditions other than glaucoma.
Blood samples were taken from affected subjects and their parents or relatives when possible. According to the manufacturer’s instructions, genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes using the Wizard genomic DNA purification kit (Promega, Madison, WI). Using the primers designed by the authors (Table 1 and Table 2), entire coding exons and flanking intronic sequences of CYP1B1 and MYOC were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using the BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), cycle sequencing of CYP1B1 and MYOC was performed on the ABI 3100 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems).
The Sequencher program (Gene Codes Corp., Ann Arbor, MI) was used for analysis of sequence variations with reference to the wild type sequence. Variations were described according to guidelines established by the Human Genome Variation Society (HGVS); the ‘A’ of the ATG codon for translation initiation was numbered +1 and the 1st methionine was numbered +1 (CYP1B1; NP_000095.2, MYOC; NP_000252.1). We referred to the CYP1B1 and MYOC mutation database, as well as the literature, to determine whether a detected variation was novel or known [10]. When a novel sequence variant was identified, 400 ethnically matched normal control chromosomes were tested for the presence of the variant.
To assess the extent of conservation of a novel variation in CYP1B1 thought to be associated with disease, the deduced amino acid sequence was assessed by aligning the protein sequences of different mammalian species and of related CYP1B1 family members using ClustalW2 software (European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK).
Eleven different mutations in 22 sporadic cases were identified by direct sequencing of the CYP1B1 gene in 85 PCG probands (Table 3). In total, three subjects were homozygous for a CYP1B1 mutation and 8 patients were compound heterozygous. Another 11 patients were heterozygous for a CYP1B1 mutation. Among 11 different mutations, two novel variations, including a missense variation and a 2-bp deletion (p.G329S and p.V419Gfs11X), were identified. The p.G329S variation occurs in a highly conserved residue (Figure 1) and p.V419Gfs11X causes a frameshift, resulting in a premature termination codon at residue 429 (Figure 2). These two variations were not found in 400 normal chromosomes. The remaining 9 mutations identified in our cohort have been reported previously. They included the following missense changes: c.985G>T (p.V320L), c.988_989delinsTT (p.A330F), c.1090G>A (p.V364M), c.1103G>A (p.R368H), c.1169G>A (p.R390H), and c.1331G>A (p.R444Q), along with three deleterious mutations, including c. 55C>T (p.Q19X), c.243C>G (p.T81X), and a two base pair duplication in exon 2 (c.970_971dupAT; p.T325SfsX104). p.T325SfsX104 was the most frequent allele (18.2%, 6/33) and exhibited compound heterozygosity with p.T81X, p.G329S, p.R390H, and p.R444Q, along with one case of homozygosity (Table 3).
Eleven probands had only one identifiable mutant allele. The mutations found in the heterozygous state were p.V320L, p. A330F, p.V364M, and p.G329S.
In addition to 11 different mutations, 7 previously reported polymorphisms, c.-13C>T, c.142C>G (p.R48G), c.319C>G (p.L107V), c.355G>T (p.A119S), c.729G>C (p.V243V), c.1294G>C (p.V432L), and c.1347T>C (p. D449D) were detected (Table 4).
Due to DNA availability, direct sequencing of MYOC was performed for 79 out of 85 patients. As a result, 2 patients were shown to harbor possible novel mutations in MYOC: c.683T>C (p.L228S) and c.719A>G (p.E240G), respectively. Neither of the two variations was found in 400 normal chromosomes. Five previously described polymorphisms, including c.34G>C (p.G12R), c.227G>A (p.R76K), c.624C>G (p.D208E), c.730+35G>A, and c.1058C>T (p.T353I) were identified (Table 5). In addition, two novel synonymous variations, c.864C>T (p.I288I) and c.1110G>A (p.P370P), were each found once in heterozigosity (0.6%, 1/158). These two variations were not found in 400 normal chromosomes.
Herein, we report on mutation screening of the CYP1B and MYOC genes in 85 and 79 PCG cases, respectively. CYP1B1 screening revealed that about 26% of 85 patients had at least one mutation, although half of them carried only one mutant allele with the other mutation unidentified. Homozygisity of the mutant allele was seen in only three cases and compound heterozygosity in eight cases. Consistent with other CYP1B1 mutation spectrum studies from populations where consanguinity is uncommon, we observed a high degree of allelic heterogeneity and compound heterozygosity. To the best of our knowledge, of 11 different CYP1B1 mutations identified in the 85 probands, two are novel.
p.G329S has been previously reported as a pathologic mutation for hepatocellular carcinoma [11]; however, in this study, it was reported as a new causative mutation for PCG in a case of compound heterozygosity with p.T325SfsX104 along with one each case of homozygosity and heterozygosity. p.G329S occurs at an amino acid position that is highly conserved among other species and CYP1B1 family members (Figure 1).
Among all of the mutations, p.T325SfsX104 was most frequently found (6/33 mutant alleles). It is interesting to note that this disease-causing mutation has only been described in a single Japanese patient with PCG [12]. We speculated that p.T325SfsX104 might be recurrent among Korean individuals with PCG, possibly with a founder effect.
Although the presence of heterozygous CYP1B1 mutations in 11 PCG patients does not match a typical recessive pattern of inheritance in PCG, heterozygous CYP1B1 mutations have been documented [13-17]. Mutations such as p.T81N, p.Q229K, p.R368H, and p.R469W have been described in PCG patients in the heterozygous state [13,15-18]. The mutations found in the heterozygous state in this study were p.V320L, p.A330F, p.V364M, and p.G329S. As described above, p.G329S is a novel mutation. Since p.V320L, p.A330F, and V364M, have not been reported in heterozygous state [12,19-22], additionally, we performed population screening involving 210 control chromosomes. As a result, p.A330F and p.V364M were not found in any normal chromosome and p.V320L was occurred in less than 1% (2/210). As only the coding region of CYP1B1 was sequenced, we thought that it might be due to mutations in (1) the CYP1B1 promoter or other non-coding regions; (2) genes linked to other PCG loci, such as GLC3B and GLC3C; (3) other glaucoma genes such as MYOC, resulting in digenic inheritance; or (4) some other unknown genes causing glaucoma. The presence of double heterozygous variants, CYP1B1 and MYOC, has recently been described in one PCG case; however, the role of possible digenism in disease causation is yet to be established [8,23]. PCG-causing mutations in latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 2 (LTBP2; OMIM 602091) have recently been identified in Pakistani, European Gypsy, and Iranian patients [24,25]. LTBP2 lies very close to GLC3C on chromosome 14, but is not strictly within the locus, as originally defined [26]. As such, it is not clear whether LTBP2 is the PCG-associated gene within GLC3C, or whether the gene within this locus remains unknown and LTBP2 defines a fourth locus for PCG. Observation of unrelated PCG cases with a heterozygous mutation also raises the possibility that the mutation might be a dominant cause of PCG [16].
Due to ethnic differences and geographical variations, the prevalence of CYP1B1 mutations varies in different patient populations, from ~10% in Mexico [5], to 20% in Indonesia [27], Australia [28], China [29], and Japan [19]; around 40% in Turkish patients [13]; approximately 50% in Brazil [20] and France [16]; and about 100% in consanguineous Saudi Arabian [30] and Slovakian Gypsy [4] patients. Although direct comparison between these studies is difficult, it should be noted that the proportion of CYP1B1 mutations accounting for PCG in our population is similar to those in Japan and China. These data also illustrate that the contribution of defects in this gene varies significantly among human populations, which highlights the need for analysis of large groups of PCG from different ethnic backgrounds to ascertain the role of this gene in a specific population.
Direct sequencing of the coding region of MYOC was performed in 79 of all PCG probands. As a result, two variants of unknown significance (p.L228S and p.E240G) were identified in two PCG patients (2/79; 2.5%). These variations lead to replacement of leucine by serine at codon 228 (p.L228S) and glutamic acid by glycine at codon 240 (p.E240G), respectively, which involve a highly conserved region among other species (Figure 3). Neither p.L228S nor p.E240G was found in 400 control chromosomes, suggesting that these two variations are possible mutations. In one previous study, MYOC mutations accounted for 2.6% (3/116) of Chinese patients with PCG [29].
Of the polymorphisms identified, p.G12R and p.T353I have been previously reported as possible POAG causing mutations; however, they were found in control subjects in this study (Table 5). p.G12R, which has been reported as a possible disease-causing mutation in a sporadic northern Chinese case of POAG [31], was found in control subjects in a few studies [32,33]. p.T353I was found in a Korean family with POAG [34], a Japanese patient with POAG [35], seventeen Chinese individuals with POAG [31-33,36], and one Indian patient with juvenile-onset POAG [37]. However, this change has been also detected in normal individuals [33,36,38]. Therefore, p.G12R and p.T353I are rare polymorphisms rather than disease-causing mutations; however, it remains possible that they affect the risk of POAG.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on molecular genetic analysis of PCG in the Korean population. One fourth of Korean PCG probands were found to have at least one CYP1B1 mutation and half of the patients with CYP1B1 mutations had only one mutant allele. We observed a high degree of allelic heterogeneity in our cohort with CYP1B1 mutations. Only two patients carried possible MYOC mutations. These results suggest that CYP1B1 should be regarded as a potential primary cause of PCG in Korea. However, due to the relatively low contribution of CYP1B1 to Korean PCG, it is suggested that other genetic factors remain to be identified and that further work is needed to identify the causative genes.
This study was supported by the heart to heart foundation. Drs. Chang-Seok Ki and Changwon Kee contributed equally to the conduct of this research and are to be considered co-corresponding authors.