Figure 8. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of photoreceptor differentiation in 2D monolayer versus 3D organoid cultures. A: Principal component analysis (PCA) of average gene expression trajectories across all time points from three independent PGP1-IPSC photoreceptor differentiation experiments (top line) and retinal organoid differentiation obtained from [42] over a 9-month culture period (bottom line). The divergence in trend lines highlights substantial differences in transcriptional dynamics between the two culture paradigms. B: Expression profiles of a selected subset of genes monitored throughout differentiation, illustrating distinct expression patterns between monolayer directed differentiation and 3D organoid culture conditions.