Molecular Vision: Ye, Mol Vis 2025; 31:539-552. Table 1

Table 1. Cycloplegic changes in refractive and biometric parameters in cynomolgus macaques by age.

Parameter*	3-year-old	4-year-old	5-year-old	P value	Pairwise comparison^§
N (eyes)	42	61	46
cSR (D)	1.00 (0.25, 1.56)	1.00 (0.25, 1.50)	0.75 (0.25, 1.50)	0.57^†
cCR (D)	−1.75 (−2.77, −1.00)	−1.25 (−2.00, −0.75)	−1.04 (−2.13, −0.75)	0.19^†	P_a=0.03
cSE (D)	0.13 (−0.31, 0.87)	0.25 (−0.48, 0.88)	0 (−1.13, 1.00)	0.75^†	P_b=1.00
cCP (D)	58.06±2.36	59.22±2.21	59.39±2.05	0.01^‡	P_c=0.02
cCCT (μm)	454.15±33.14	455.43±31.44	454.95±38.3	0.98^‡
cACD (mm)	2.68±0.15	2.71±0.17	2.70±0.15	0.63^‡
cLT (mm)	3.03±0.13	3.00±0.14	3.03±0.12	0.24^‡
cAL (mm)	17.35±0.54	17.40±0.63	17.38±0.67	0.91^‡	P_a=0.41
Pre-post difference
dSR (D)	−0.87±0.92	−0.92±1.18	−0.69±0.95	0.50^‡	P_b=0.04
dCR (D)	0.15±1.55	0.58±1.07	−0.12±1.80	0.04^‡	P_c=1.00
dSER (D)	−0.80±0.94	−0.63±1.01	−0.75±0.93	0.66^‡	P_a=0.94
dCP (D)	0.28±1.17	−0.26±1.27	−0.05±1.25	0.10^‡	P_b=0.01
dCCT (μm)	−7.33±15.22	−11.02±14	−12.5±21.65	0.35^‡	P_c=0.18
dACD (mm)	−0.07±0.03	−0.08±0.03	−0.06±0.03	0.01^‡
dLT (mm)	0.03±0.03	0.04±0.04	0.04±0.04	0.45^‡
dAL (mm)	0.01±0.05	0±0.06	0.01±0.04	0.43^‡

Abbreviations: SR, spherical refraction; CR, cylinder refraction; SE, spherical equivalent; CP, corneal power; CCT, central corneal thickness; ACD, anterior chamber depth; LT, lens thickness; AL, axial length. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range). * The prefix ‘c’ denotes cycloplegic measurements, and the prefix ‘d’ indicates differences in measurements before and after cycloplegia. † Calculated using the independent-samples Kruskal−Wallis test. ^‡ Calculated using ANOVA. ^§ Pairwise comparisons adjusted using Bonferroni’s correction. P_a, 3- versus 4-year-old group; P_b, 4- versus 5-year-old group; P_c, 3- versus 5-year-old group; p values <0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance (bold font).