Figure 1. Effects of SFN on the contraction of collagen gels mediated by HTFs after TGF-β induction. (A) HTFs embedded in collagen gels were treated with indicated concentrations of SFN (10 µM) or TGF-β (5 ng/ml) for 3 days. (B) HTFs seeded in collagen gels were incubated with indicated treatment for different times, and gel contractions were measured. (C) HTFs were subjected to treatment with varying concentrations of DMSO (0, 0.003%, 0.01%, 0.03%, and 0.1%) or TGF-β (5 ng/ml) for 72 h, and cell viability was assessed using a CCK-8 assay. (D) HTFs embedded in collagen gels were treated with the aforementioned concentrations of DMSO or TGF-β (5 ng/ml) for 3 days, with the extent of gel contraction being measured. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n=3). *p<0.05 compared to controls.