Figure 11. SAL reduced the HG-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rMC-1 through the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway. The protein expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α was determined by immunofluorescence analysis. The results were consistent with the western blot results. Values are presented as mean ± SD (n=3). Scale bar=100 μm.