Figure 1. Effects of SFN on the contraction of collagen gels mediated by HTFs after TGF-β induction. A: HTFs embedded in collagen gels were treated with indicated concentrations of SFN (10 µM) or TGF-β (5 ng/ml) for 3 days. B: HTFs seeded in collagen gels were incubated with indicated treatment for different times, and gel contractions were measured. C: HTFs were subjected to treatment with varying concentrations of DMSO (0, 0.003%, 0.01%, 0.03%, and 0.1%) or TGF-β (5 ng/ml) for 72 h, and cell viability was assessed using a CCK-8 assay. (D) HTFs embedded in collagen gels were treated with the aforementioned concentrations of DMSO or TGF-β (5 ng/ml) for 3 days, with the extent of gel contraction being measured. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n=3). *p<0.05 compared to controls.