Figure 2. Exchange protein by cAMP 1 (Epac1) and forskolin reduced hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Western blot for retinal endothelial cells (RECs) grown in normal glucose (NG) and treated with H₂O₂ or an Epac1 agonist (Panel A) or forskolin, a PKA agonist (B). n = 6. Data are mean ± SEM *p < 0.05 versus NG, #p < 0.05 versus NG + H₂O₂.