Table 2 of Chu, Mol Vis 2022; 28:230-244.

Table 2. Upregulation and downregulation of metabolites, and metabolomics pathways identified by metabolomics techniques in diabetic macular edema (DME) versus diabetes mellitus (DM) undergoing cataract surgery control patients.

Metabolites group Molecular formula Ionization species Experimental Ion Mass (m/z) Molecular Mass Proposed Pathway/reaction KEGG/LM No. Regulation Fold change
Antioxidant              
Methylselenic acid* CH4O2Se [M+Cl]- 162.9053 127.9377 Selenocompound map00450 2.9
Dehydroascorbic acid* C6H6O6 [M+CH3COO]- 233.0307 174.0164 Glutathione map00480 >1000
Glutathione amide*** C10H18N4O5S [M+Na]+ 329.0886 306.0998 Glutathione amide R09561 0.51
Se-Adenosylselenohomocysteine*** C14H20N6O5Se [M+H]+ 433.0747 432.066 Selenoamino acid R04939 0.74
Co-Factor              
7,8-Diaminononanoate* C9H20N2O2 [M+Na]+ 211.1454 188.1525 Biotin map00780 2.03
Fatty acid/Lipid              
9-oxo-2E-decenoic acid* C10H16O3 [M-H]- 183.1056 184.1099 Oxo fatty acids FA0106 16.6
2-Undecenoic acid*** C11H20O2 [M+H]+ 185.1565 184.1463 Unsaturated fatty acids FA0103 1.6
Decanoyl-L-carnitine** C17H33NO4 [M+CH3COO]- 374.2586 315.241 fatty acid oxidation   1.5
C16 sphingosine-1-phosphate* C16H34NO5P [M+CH3COO]- 410.2352 351.2175 Sphingoid GP0105 1.54
Inflammation              
13,14-dihydro-15-keto-tetranor PGF1α* C16H28O5 [M+H]+ 301.2019 300.1937 prostaglandin n/a 1.86
19(R)-hydroxy-PGF1α* C20H36O6 [M-H2O-H]- 353.2348 372.2512 Prostaglandins FA0301 2.19
Neurotransmitter              
Homovanillic acid*** C9H10O4 [M+H-H2O]+ 165.0519 182.0579 Dopaminergic synapse map04728 2.67
5-Hydroxytryptophan*** C11H12N2O3 [M+H-H2O]+ 203.0869 220.0848 Serotonin   2.21
Nucleotides              
Urate-3-ribonucleoside* C10H12N4O7 [M-H]- 299.0661 300.0706 Purine map00240 <0.01
Uridine diphosphate (UDP)* C9H14N2O12P2 [M+CH3COO]- 463.0174 404.0022 Pyrimidine map00230 <0.01
Uridine 5′-diphosphoglucuronic acid* C15H22N2O18P2 [M+H-2H2O]+ 545.0188 580.0343 Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism map00520 0.45
Peptide/Amino acid              
L-Homocysteine** C4H9NO2S [M+K]+ 173.9989 135.0354 Cysteine and methionine map00270 0.75
3-maleylpyruvic acid*** C7H6O6 [M+H]+ 187.023 186.0164 Tyrosine map00350 0.79
Histidinyl-Valine** C11H18N4O3 [M+H]+ 255.1484 254.1379 n/a n/a 0.12
Tyr-Gly-OH*** C17H16N2O7 [M+Na]+ 383.0902 360.0958 n/a n/a 2.91
Phe-Ser-OH*** C17H16N2O7 [M+Na]+ 383.0878 360.0958 n/a n/a 2.44
Ala-Tyr-OH*** C17H16N2O7 [M+Na]+ 383.0876 360.0958 n/a n/a 2.44
Asp-Phe-OH*** C18H16N2O8 [M+H]+ 389.1001 388.0907 n/a n/a 1.77
Sugar              
2-Hydroxyethylphosphonate** C2H7O4P [M+K]+ 164.9698 126.0082 Phosphonate and phosphinate map00440 0.59
b-Glucose* C6H12O6 [M+Na]+ 203.0503 180.0634 Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis map00010 1.35
Sorbitol 6-phosphate*** C6H15O9P [M+Na]+ 285.0346 262.0454 Fructose and mannose map00051 0.66

Intensity of mass peak from DME and DM were compared by Student t test. The significance levels: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.

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