Figure 1. Select cytokines and M1 macrophages affect choroid sprouting. Sprouting was measured using an inverted microscope and is expressed relative to control. A: Example images and summary of choroid sprouting measured in the presence of the indicated recombinant cytokines previously identified in the culture medium of macrophages activated with IFN-γ and LPS. B: Example images and summary of choroid sprouting measured under the indicated conditions; where indicated, the culture medium supernatant from M1 macrophages was applied. n = 7–8/group. *p<0.05 versus the corresponding control group; #p<0.05 versus M1 supernatant alone.