Figure 8. ECH administration attenuated release of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the retina 7 days after I/R. A–C: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) shows statistically significant release of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the retinas after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; echinacoside (ECH) treatment statistically significantly reduced these effects. Histograms represent the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) of the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and IL-6 protein levels in the retinas of all groups.*p<0.01 versus the sham group; ^#p<0.01 versus the I/R plus vehicle group.