Figure 6. ECH treatment reduced activation of Parp, Apaf-1, and Bad mRNA in retinas 7 days after I/R. A–C: Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) shows statistically significant activation of Parp, Bad, and Apaf-1 in the retinas after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; echinacoside (ECH) treatment reduced these effects. Histograms represent the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) of apoptotic mRNA levels in the retinas of all groups. *p<0.01 versus the sham group; ^#p<0.01 versus the I/R plus vehicle group.