Figure 3. Loss of Epac1 increased TNF-α and IL-1β in the mouse retina. Exchange protein for cAMP 1 (Epac1) floxed versus Epac1 Cre-Lox mice retinal samples were processed for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analyses for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α; A) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β; B). n = 6 for each group. Data are mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). *p<0.05 versus Epac1 floxed.