Figure 4. Effect of CDECM on angiogenesis and inflammation in hConECs and hPECs. A: The cells were immunostained for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), antivascular cellular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31). Images of the membranes were photographed with the Fusion FX image acquisition system. The graphs show the densitometry quantification of TNF-α (B), VCAM-1 (C), Cox2 (D), VEGF (E), and CD31 (F), compared with the untreated human pterygium epithelial cells (hPECs). β-actin was used as the control. Values are mean ± standard deviation (SD; n = 5). Statistical significance is indicated as *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001 (B). The levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) (G), IL-6 (H), and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) (I) production were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data are expressed as the means ± SD (n = 3). Statistical significance is indicated as ***p<0.001.