Table 1 of Daruich, Mol Vis 2016; 22:1332-1341.


Table 1. Observations of tPA-related modulation of retinal toxicities reported in the literature.

Protocol Model Main Results Ref
Injected compound Dose Time of sacrifice
NMDA 30 nM 12 h after injection tPA −/− and wild-type mice TUNEL-positive cells in the GCL and INL in tPA−/−mice after intravitreal injection of NMDA were significantly fewer than in wild-type mice [37]
NMDA 30, 120 and 240 nM 6, 12, 24, 72 h, 1 or 2 weeks tPA −/− and wild-type mice At 12 h, TUNEL-positive cells in both GCL and INL were significantly fewer in tPA-deficient mice than in wild-type mice, only in the case of the lower dose of NMDA (30 nmol/mouse), but not at higher doses (120 or 240 nmol/mouse) [17]
Kainic acid (KA) 10, 20, and 40 nM 48 h Adult CD-1 mice KA-injected eyes showed a dose-dependent and time-related increase in tPA activity in the retina, witch was associated with TUNEL-positive cells the GCL and subsequently in the INL and ONL. [18]
Commercial rtPA containing L-Arginine
(Actilyse ®) 1 μl of 250 μg/ml
tPA (containing L-arginine) 24 h ICR mice Severe morphologic damages appeared in the retinal cell layers with a vitreous injection of the tPA (containing L-arginine) compared to the control eye [46]
5 mM of L-arginine alone Similar histopathologic results were observed in the retinal areas receiving L-arginine (5 mM)
10 μg/400 μl
tPA (containing L-arginine) - Primary retinal cells culture Exposure of cultured retinal cells to tPA (containing L-arginine) or L-arginine led to a marked increase in nitrite, a nitric oxide intermediator