Figure 3. Stimulation with complement activation products upregulated the expression of GM-CSF in the RPE. The expression of GM-CSF in ARPE-19 cells was upregulated 2.84- and 2.38-fold by C5a and C3a at 5 µg/ml after 24 h incubation, respectively (C5a: mean ± SEM, 2.84±0.54 fold, n=3, Student t test, **p<0.01; C3a: 2.38±0.31 fold, n=3, Student t test, *p<0.05).