Figure 5. Diabetes increases the phosphorylation of GluA1 subunit in the retina. Diabetes (2, 4, or 8 weeks’ duration) was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin in Wistar rats. Immunoreactivity was analyzed with western blotting. The results are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) of at least three independent experiments (at least six retinas from three animals) and are expressed as a percentage of the control. Representative immunoblots are presented above the graphs. *p<0.05; **p<0.01, significantly different from control as determined with the Student t test.