Figure 1. Refractive development of Vsx1+/+, Vsx1−/−, and C57BL/6J mice. A: All mice showed a significant increase in hyperopic refractions with increasing age from 4 to12 weeks (two-way repeated-measures ANOVA main effect of age, F(8,195)=76.88, p<0.001). Significant differences were observed in the pattern of refractive development between the 129S1/Sv (Vsx1+/+ and Vsx1−/−) and C57Bl/6J mice (two-way repeated-measures ANOVA main effect of strain, F(2,195)=84.41, p<0.001). B: All mice exhibited a significant flattening of corneal curvature with increasing age (two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, F(8,126)=197.70, p<0.001). Corneal curvatures were significantly flatter for mice on the 129S1/Sv genetic background (Vsx1+/+ and Vsx1−/−) compared to the C57BL/6J mice across development (two-way repeated-measures ANOVA main effect of strain, F(2,171)=6.46, p=0.008). C: Except for a small difference between the Vsx1+/+ and Vsx1−/− mice at 4 weeks of age (two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, F(16,199)=2.245, p=0.006), the changes in axial length normalized to bodyweight were not significantly different between either the genotype or strain throughout the developmental period (two-way repeated-measures ANOVA main effect of strain, F(2,199)=2.50, p=0.107). The P values indicate the ANOVA interaction effect, unless otherwise stated. Holm-Sidak post-hoc comparisons **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM).