Figure 5. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) inhibited tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α) induced monocytes adhesion to RECs in a flow chamber system. U937 cells were perfused over the REC monolayer, which were grown in 25 mM high glucose medium and transfected with control or IGFBP-3NB plasmid DNA for 24 h, following treatment with and without TNF-α for 4 h. Images were taken at the second hour after flow was initiated; data are expressed as the mean number of adhering cells/field ±SD for at least 4 different fields of view. *p<0.05 versus control plasmid. ^#p<0.05 versus IGFBP-3 NB plasmid. ^$p<0.05 versus control plasmid +TNF-α. n=3, data are mean±SEM.