Figure 1. Tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α) increased intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression in REC in 5 mM, 15 mM, and 25 mM glucose and 25 mM mannitol concentrations. Results presented are for sICAM1 levels in RECs following treatment with TNF-α (10 ng/ml) for 4 h in normal or high ambient glucose or high osmolarity. *p<0.05 versus control. #p<0.05 versus TNF-α treatment in same glucose concentration. n=4, data are mean±SEM.