Figure 6. The effects of chrysene (Chry) on ATP production in MIO-M1 cells. A: The MIO-M1 cells exposed for 24 h to 1,000 μM, 500 μM, and 300 μM chrysene showed significantly lower ATP levels compared to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-equivalent-treated cells (***p<0.001, ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, respectively). The 100-μM-chrysene-treated cells had similar ATP levels to the DMSO-equivalent-treated and untreated cells. B: Pretreatment for 6 h with 80 μM lipoic acid (LA) significantly reversed the decline in ATP production caused by treatment with 500 μM chrysene (***p<0.001). The untreated cells, DMSO-equivalent-treated cells, and 80-μM-LA-treated cells had similar ATP production levels. The assays for each concentration were run in triplicate and the experiments repeated three times. Values are mean ± standard error mean (SEM).