Molecular Vision 2013; 19:2040-2049
<http://www.molvis.org/molvis/v19/2040>
Received 12 March 2013 | Accepted 24 September 2013 | Published 26 September 2013
Molecular Vision 2013; 19:2040-2049
<http://www.molvis.org/molvis/v19/2040>
Received 12 March 2013 |
Accepted 24 September 2013 |
Published 26 September 2013
Pierre-Raphaël Rothschild,1,2 Antoine P. Brézin,1 Brigitte Nedelec,2 Cyril Burin des Roziers,3 Tiffany Ghiotti,3 Lucie Orhant,3 Mathieu Boimard,3 Sophie Valleix2,3
1AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin-Hôtel-Dieu, Service d’ophtalmologie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; 2INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; 3AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin-Hôtel-Dieu, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris, France
Correspondence to: Sophie Valleix, INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, URMS 872, équipe 17, Paris, France; Phone: 00-33-1-58411623; FAX: 00-33-1-58411580; email: sophie.valleix@cch.aphp.fr
Purpose: To report the clinical and molecular findings of a kindred with Wagner syndrome (WS) revealed by intraocular inflammatory features.
Methods: Eight available family members underwent complete ophthalmologic examination, including laser flare cell meter measurements. Collagen, type II, alpha 1, versican (VCAN), frizzled family receptor 4, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5, tetraspanin 12, and Norrie disease (pseudoglioma) genes were screened with direct sequencing.
Results: The index case was initially referred for unexplained severe and chronic postoperative bilateral uveitis following a standard cataract surgery procedure. Clinical examination of the proband revealed an optically empty vitreous with avascular vitreous strands and veils, features highly suggestive of WS. The systematic familial ophthalmologic examination identified three additional unsuspected affected family members who also presented with the WS phenotype, including uveitis for one of them. We identified a novel c.4004–6T>A nucleotide substitution at the acceptor splice site of intron 7 of the VCAN gene that segregated with the disease phenotype.
Conclusions: We present a family with WS with typical WS features and intraocular inflammatory manifestations associated with a novel splice site VCAN mutation. Beyond the structural role in the retinal-vitreous architecture, versican is also emerging as a pivotal mediator of the inflammatory response, supporting uveitis predisposition as a clinical manifestation of WS.
Wagner syndrome (WS; OMIM_143200) is a rare autosomal dominant vitreoretinopathy characterized by an optically empty vitreous along with avascular veils and strands at the equatorial vitreoretinal interface. However, other clinical manifestations have been described in patients with WS, including retinal detachment, myopia, presenile cataract, night blindness with progressive chorioretinal atrophy, extensive retinal pigment clumping, ectopic foveae, inverted papilla, uveitis, and glaucoma [1-9]. Thus, there is no doubt that the full spectrum of the WS phenotype must be further refined. The clinical diagnosis of this ocular disease remains a challenge because the clinical presentation, expressivity, and severity vary among patients, resulting in the disease often being overlooked or misdiagnosed.
To date, no more than 13 families with WS (including the family reported here) have been characterized at the molecular level worldwide. All WS disease mutations described thus far are heterozygous nucleotide substitutions occurring at the splice acceptor of intron 7 or splice donor site of intron 8 of the versican (VCAN) gene, also known as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-2 (CSPG2), leading to aberrant splice products and/or to an imbalanced quantitative ratio of the four VCAN transcript variants [2-13]. To improve clinical diagnosis and to gain insights into the understanding of this complex disease, more clinical and molecular data are needed from families with WS. Herein, we describe a family with WS with a novel splice mutation in the VCAN gene, revealed by chronic intraocular inflammatory features.
Informed written consent from eight available family members without extraocular disease (4 females and 3 males; age range, 13-72 years) was obtained before they donated blood samples at Cochin hospital. The study followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the ethics review committee of the Institutional Review Board of Cochin Hospital (Paris, France). Complete ophthalmologic examinations were performed by the same ophthalmologist (P.R.R.) on eight selected affected and unaffected family members (individuals I:2; II:1, II:2, II:3, II:4, II:5; III:1, III:2). The anterior chamber flare of all individuals was quantified with the Kowa FM 500 flare meter (Kowa, Tokyo, Japan), and the dilated fundus was photographed using the Canon fundus camera with Megaplus model 1.4 digital imaging system (Canon, Tokyo, Japan). Kinetic perimetry, tested with the Goldmann perimeter (Haag-Streit AG, Bern, Switzerland), and full-field electroretinography, with the MonElec2 Monitor Model (Metrovision, Pérenchies, France), were performed on the proband.
DNA was extracted from venous blood samples collected by peripheral venepuncture in 2×15 ml EDTA tubes. The blood samples were stored at 2–8 °C before processing, using the QIamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). Primers for PCR and sequencing were designed to target all coding sequences, intron-exon boundaries, and 5′- and 3′- untranslated regions of the VCAN, frizzled family receptor 4 (FZD4), Norrie disease (pseudoglioma) (NDP) genes as we previously reported [4]. Primers for tetraspanin 12 (TSPAN12) and low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5), exons were designed as reported by others [14,15]. Primers for Collagen, type II, alpha 1 (COL2A1), genes were designed using the Primer3 program (Appendix 1). Sequencing reactions were performed in an automatic genetic analyzer (ABI PRISM 3100 genetic analyzer; Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), using the BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit (DNA sequencing kit; Applied Biosystems).
To determine the pathogenicity of the identified nucleotide changes, we combined data from familial segregation analysis, a control population of 200 unrelated individuals, the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism database (dbSNP), and bioinformatics tools such as Polyphen and Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant (SIFT), which are usually efficient to determine the predicted effects of coding non-synonymous variants.
The following splice site prediction software were used: Human Splicing Finder [16], the MaxEnt Scan algorithm [17,18], NNSplice [19], NetGen2 [20,21], and ESEfinder [22,23]. The effect of the novel variant (c.4004–6T>A) on the strength of the canonical acceptor splicing site of intron 7 was compared to that of the reference sequence of the VCAN gene (Reference NG_012682) as well as to all WS disease-causing splicing mutations published to date.
Individual II:1-- The proband was a 45-year-old woman, born after a full-term pregnancy and normal delivery to non-consanguineous parents (the pedigree of the family is provided in Figure 1B). At the age of 30, the proband developed a bilateral nuclear cataract that required surgical removal at the age of 43. Several weeks after uncomplicated cataract surgery, she developed severe bilateral postoperative uveitis in both eyes responsible for bilateral anterior and posterior capsular fibrosis and intraocular lenses (IOLs) subluxation. Remission of the intraocular inflammation was obtained at first with topically administered steroid drops, but several attacks of uveitis progressively became refractory to treatment and were further responsible for macular cystoid edema in the left eye.
When the patient was referred to our uveitis clinic, her visual acuity (VA) was 0.6 in the right eye and 0.1 in the left eye (Table 1). The intraocular pressure (IOP) was slightly elevated in both eyes (22 and 23 mmHg, respectively). The slit-lamp examination revealed the presence of inflammatory cells in both anterior chambers, though predominantly in the left eye. Laser flare meter values were 16±1 photons/ms in the right eye and 119.5±1.5 photons/ms in the left eye (normal values<10 photons/ms). Both eyes exhibited synechiae between the iris and the anterior capsulorhexis or the IOL as well as temporal subluxation of the lenses and prominent capsular fibrosis (Figure 1A). The dilated fundus examination revealed an optically empty vitreous, with peculiar vitreous cortex condensation found circumferentially at the equator level and detached from the underlying retina from the equator toward the retinal periphery (Figure 2A,B). Ectopic fovea responsible for clinically visible 20° exotropia (pseudostrabismus) as well as mild temporal dragging of the retinal vessels were noted. Finally, a degree of chorioretinal atrophy was found scattered at the posterior pole and at the retinal periphery. In addition, the left eye exhibited cystoid macular edema. Kinetic perimetry showed constricted peripheral isopters and a relative central scotoma. Automatic perimetry showed alterations consistent with glaucomatous defects. Full-field electroretinogram showed decreased a- and b-wave amplitudes, more pronounced for the photopic responses with no implicit time shift, consistent with cone-restricted dysfunction.
A comprehensive systemic clinical examination and an extensive evaluation for common causes of uveitis were negative. A periocular (subtenon) steroid injection to treat the cystoid macular edema in the left eye resulted in a good anatomic response, but VA did not improve. Controlling the intraocular pressure required two topically administered antiglaucoma medications, including a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and a beta-blocker.
Individual I:2-- The proband’s mother was 72 years old, with no previous systemic medical history or family history of ocular disease. She was diagnosed with bilateral exotropia early in childhood, which did not require any intervention (consistent with pseudostrabismus due to ectopic fovea). Retinal detachment occurred in the right eye at the age of 10, with subsequent total and irreversible loss of vision. She underwent a cataract extraction in the left eye at the age of 51. A preventive peripheral laser photocoagulation for peripheral retinal degeneration was performed before the cataract surgery procedure. Open angle glaucoma developed shortly after the procedure and required the administration of a single topical antiglaucoma medication (beta-blocker) to successfully control the intraocular pressure and prevent the further progression of the visual fields’ defects.
On examination, VA in the left eye was 0.6, and slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed the presence of anterior chamber inflammatory cells. Laser cell flare meter values were 51±9.6 photons/ms. Mild posterior capsular opacification was noted, and IOP was within normal limits. The dilated fundus examination revealed an optically empty vitreous with a barely visible detached and condensed vitreous cortex at the level of the equator, more easily seen in the inferior and temporal retinal quadrant (Figure 2C,D).
Individual II:4-- The proband’s sister was 48 years old with no history of ocular disease except mild myopia. On examination, her VA was 0.8 in both eyes, with an optical correction of −0.50 diopters. IOP and laser cell flare meter values were within normal limits. On slit-lamp examination, the anterior chamber was quiet, and the crystalline lens exhibited diffuse dot-like opacities as well as a nuclear cataract. The dilated fundus examination revealed an optically empty vitreous with a condensed vitreous cortex detached from the underlying retina at the level of the equator, more visible in the inferior and temporal quadrant (Figure 2E).
The ophthalmologic examinations of unaffected individuals II:2 and II:3 were unremarkable. Individual III:3 declined to be examined at our center, but the patient’s medical records revealed a severe visual loss due to unilateral retinal detachment at the age of 20.
We sequenced a set of six genes involved in various forms of exudative and degenerative familial vitreoretinopathies, including the 54 coding regions of COL2A1, the 15 coding regions of VCAN, the two coding regions of FZD4, the 23 coding regions of LRP5, the eight coding regions of TSPAN12, and the three coding regions of NDP from affected individual II:1 of this family. A total of 38 single nucleotide variations were detected; all are summarized in Table 2. After the variations referenced as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in intronic or in 5′- and 3′- untranslated regions in the dbSNP were excluded, only 18 changes remained (see Methods). Of these, 11 synonymous and six non-synonymous variants were identified in coding regions of LRP5, VCAN, and COL2A1, and one nucleotide substitution in the canonical splice acceptor site of VCAN. All synonymous and non-synonymous variants found in LRP5, VCAN, and COL2A1 were already referenced in the dbSNP, and were found in our control population (heterozygous or homozygous state). These variants were therefore excluded as pathogenic variants. Finally, the only nucleotide variation corresponding to a new and unique change, not referenced in the dbSNP, not identified in control samples, and found to segregate with the disease status in this family was the heterozygous T to A substitution at the sixth base of the splice acceptor site of intron 7 of VCAN, c.4004–6T>A (Figure 1D).
We performed in silico analyses with the software previously used by Kloeckener-Gruissem et al. to evaluate the putative effects of our novel c.4004–6T>A mutation on splicing compared with all WS splicing mutations published to date [12]. These bioinformatics data were compared with the corresponding experimental VCAN messenger RNA (mRNA) analyses previously reported (Table 3 and references herein). All seven variants located within the canonical splice site dinucleotides that flank exon 8 of the VCAN gene were predicted to be spliceogenic, which was in line with in vitro VCAN mRNA analyses [3-5,7,8,10-13]. The potential effects of the two variants at −5 (c.4004–5T>A and T>C) on splicing were more challenging, as they did not drastically decrease the strength score of intron 7’s acceptor splice site, as predicted by MaxtEnt Scan and NetGene2. Moreover, those effects were considered not damaging by three other computational splice site algorithms. Nevertheless, these two variants at −5 were experimentally proven spliceogenic in peripheral blood leukocytes from mutation carriers, demonstrating that bioinformatics prediction tools are not yet fully accurate and can underestimate the importance of a sequence variation in the splicing process. In silico data for our novel variant at −6 (c.4004–6T>A) showed splice site predictions similar to those found for mutations at −5, suggesting the high likelihood that our variant at −6 might impair the proper processing of VCAN mRNA. Of note, the splice site strength score of intron 7 obtained for our variant at −6 was significantly lower than those found for variants at −5 with the NetGene2 algorithm.
We report a new VCAN splicing mutation causing typical Wagner syndrome vitreous features associated with unexplained intraocular inflammatory manifestations. This nucleotide substitution, c.4004–6T>A, occurred at the sixth position of the acceptor splice site of intron 7 where splice disease-mutations at the fifth, the second, and the first base have been previously reported [3,4,10-12]. Although a VCAN transcript analysis could not be performed in this kindred, the concordance of this new VCAN gene mutation with clinically affected members, coupled with the fact that this new mutation occurred at a splice consensus site where numerous causative WS mutations have been previously reported, establishes that this new mutation is most likely deleterious. Furthermore, the absence of pathogenic variants in other genes known to be involved in hereditary vitreoretinopathies provides further evidence of the causative role of this unique VCAN mutation, not identified in any SNP database.
Although it has been now clearly demonstrated that WS disease splicing mutations cause aberrant increased expression of V2/V3 VCAN isoforms in peripheral blood leukocytes or in skin fibroblasts, why the clinical phenotype is restricted to ocular manifestations remains elusive. However, splicing alterations observed in non-affected tissues, such as blood or skin, might not fully reflect those in tissues at risk in Wagner syndrome. The first WS causative variants identified were intronic variants located in the canonical splice site dinucleotides. These variants are commonly assumed to be highly pathogenic based on their position alone. However, intronic sequence variations, whether they occur in close proximity to these sites or more deeply in intronic regions, can disrupt other splice motifs or auxiliary cis-regulatory elements responsible for splicing defects. These defects could be pathogenic only in specific tissues under the influence of a set of regulatory trans-acting splicing factors. Therefore, the identification of this novel VCAN splice mutation at position −6 supports the idea that the mutations occurring at deeper intronic positions than the canonical dinucleotides of introns 7 and 8 of VCAN may be of clinical relevance, as exemplified for the Chinese family with Wagner syndrome reported by Mukhopdhyay et al., for which the causal variant has not yet been identified [10].
The first report of Wagner syndrome–related uveitis consisted of a father and his daughter who had several spontaneous uveitis attacks that flared up after the phacoemulsification procedure, with early-onset prominent posterior capsular opacification [7]. In 2011, we reported the second family with WS revealed by longstanding spontaneous uveitis in the proband and uncontrolled postoperative inflammation in other affected members of this family [4]. In the third family with WS with uveitis reported here, none of the affected family members of this kindred had spontaneous uveitis. The proband presented bilateral chronic and severe uveitis following a surgery procedure for early-onset cataract, and her mother showed chronic low-grade uveitis, probably also triggered by cataract surgery performed several years before.
Several lines of evidence from the basic research on different physiologic functions of versican have recently highlighted the pivotal role of versican in inflammation [24]. Indeed, versican is a complex extracellular matrix protein with pleiotropic effects due to its ability to bind multiple partners, including proinflammatory cytokines [25,26]. Although it has been shown that splicing mutations cause tissue-specific versican isoform imbalance, the mechanisms explaining either uveitis or the exclusively ocular phenotype are poorly understood [10,12].
Altogether, the clinical inflammatory manifestations in patients with WS and the inflammatory properties of versican contribute to suggest that intraocular inflammation could belong to the clinical spectrum of Wagner syndrome. However, the limited number of families with WS reported to date does not allow us to draw definitive conclusions regarding the possible association between WS and uveitis. The characterization of more families is needed, especially from uveitis clinics, to better clarify the frequency of inflammatory complications associated with WS. Although uveitis varies in severity in patients with WS, it could nonetheless be responsible for significant visual morbidity in addition to chorioretinal atrophy or retinal detachment. Therefore, we suggest that clinicians consider WS as a possible diagnosis in patients with unexplained uveitis.
Appendix 1. Primer sequences for pcr amplification of COL2A1 gene.
We thank the family members as well as all the members of the French Vitreoretinopathy Study Group (FVRSG) for their participation in this study. The study was supported by the Association d’Ophtalmologie de Cochin The authors have no conflict of interest related to the results presented in this study.