Molecular Vision 2013; 19:1834-1840
<http://www.molvis.org/molvis/v19/1834>
Received 12 March 2013 | Accepted 03 August 2013 | Published 06 August 2013
Molecular Vision 2013; 19:1834-1840
<http://www.molvis.org/molvis/v19/1834>
Received 12 March 2013 |
Accepted 03 August 2013 |
Published 06 August 2013
Zhirong Liu, Shanying Mao, Jiali Pu, Yao Ding, Baorong Zhang, Meiping Ding
Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
Correspondence to: Meiping Ding, Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China 310009; Phone: +86-571-87784750; FAX: +86-571-87784750; email: dingmeiping@tom.com
Purpose: Idiopathic congenital nystagmus (ICN) is a genetically heterogeneous disease. Thus far, the disease gene has been identified as the FERM domain containing 7 (FRMD7) gene. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the clinical and genetic characteristics of a four- generation Chinese family with ICN.
Methods: The clinical data and the genomic DNA of a Chinese ICN family were collected following the provision of informed consent. All coding exons of the FRMD7 gene were amplified by PCR and then sequenced. Affinity GST-p21 activated kinase 2 (PAK2) precipitation was used to investigate whether this novel FRMD7 mutant influenced Rac1 signaling activation in the human embryonic kidney 293 T cells (HEK 293T) cells transiently cotransfected with wild-type or mutant FRMD7 and Rac1.
Results: A novel missense mutation (c.635T>C) was identified in all affected members. Obligate female carriers were heterozygous in these mutations and the affected males were homozygous, consistent with X-linked inheritance. This mutation is a substitution of proline for leucine. Function analysis showed that this novel mutant influences Rac1 signaling in human HEK 293T cells.
Conclusions: This study widens the mutation spectrum of the FRMD7 gene. This mutant was shown to activate GTPase Rac1 signaling in vitro; however, the quantity of activated Rac1 was obviously decreased compared with the wild type (p<0.05). Taken together, our data strongly support the hypothesis that the identified FRMD7 mutant influences GTPase Rac1 signaling, which regulates neurite development. This mutation may be related to the pathogenesis of X-linked ICN.
Idiopathic congenital nystagmus (ICN, OMIM #157640) is an infant-onset disease with the typical features of bilateral ocular oscillations, visual impairment, and abnormal head movement. It has also been termed congenital motor nystagmus and exhibits various patterns of inheritance, although X-linked (XL) inheritance with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity is probably the most common pattern [1,2]. Recent molecular genetic studies have demonstrated that mutations in the FERM domain containing 7 (FRMD7) gene are a main cause of XL-ICN. More than 45 different mutations have been reported [3-7]. FRMD7 contains a conserved N-terminal FERM domain and a FERM-adjacent (FA) domain. FERM domains are characteristic of the band 4.1 superfamily and take their name from the 4.1 (four point one) and ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) proteins. FRMD7 has been shown to regulate neuronal outgrowth by influencing the dynamics of F-actin during retinoic acid–induced differentiation in mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cells [8]. However, the precise mechanism by which this occurs is not clear.
Here, we describe a Chinese family with XL-ICN in whom we have identified a novel mutation of the FRMD7 gene. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this mutant FRMD7 influences GTPase Rac1 signaling, which is known to regulate neurite development.
A four-generation Chinese family with ICN was identified through the Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of the Zhejiang University School of Medicine. Informed consent was obtained from all participants in accordance with Zhejiang Institutional Review Board approval. Sixteen individuals participated in the study, including seven affected individuals and nine unaffected individuals (Figure 1).The proband and available family members were evaluated based on a history of neurological examinations. A cranial computed tomography scan was performed in the proband. All the available family members underwent fundoscopic and refractive error examinations. Fundus photographs were recorded by a TRC.50EX Retinal Camera (Topcon Corp. Tokyo, Japan). Blood specimens (5 ml) were collected in EDTA and genomic DNA was extracted by Phenol/chloroform extract from the blood specimens of the sixteen participants.
The FRMD7 gene was amplified by PCR using previously published primers [5]. Direct sequencing of the amplified fragments was performed on an ABI Prism 3130 sequencer Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Sequencing results were assembled and analyzed using the SeqMan II program of the Laser gene package (DNA STAR Inc., Madison, WI). For all samples containing an abnormal FRMD7 amplicon, new PCR products were reamplified from genomic DNA using the same protocols. Cosegregation analysis was performed.
Full-length FRMD7 was amplified from previously constructed plasmids [9]. The identity of the PCR product was confirmed by subcloning into the pGEM-T Easy vector (Promega, Madison, WI) and sequencing. Full-length FRMD7 cDNA was C-terminally FLAG-tagged, digested with BamHI and XhoI, and subcloned into pcDNA3.1(+) vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Mutant FRMD7 (c.635T>C) was constructed by overlap PCR. HA-tagged Rac1 was subcloned into pcDNA3.1(+) vector digested with BamHI and XhoI. For prokaryotic expression, the sequence encoding the wild-type (WT) Rac1/Cdc42-binding domain of human p21 activated kinase 2 (PAK2; aa 66–147) was amplified by PCR. The PCR product was confirmed by subcloning into the pGEM-T Easy vector (Promega, Madison, WI) and sequencing. The PAK2-pGEM-T was digested with BamHI and SalI and subcloned into PGEX-5X-1 for expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins as previously described [10].
The HEK 293T cell line was purchased from the Chinese Academy of Sciences Committee Type Culture Collection Cell Bank/Shanghai Institutes for Biologic Sciences Cell Resource Center (Shanghai, China). HEK 293T cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Invitrogen) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen) and 1% penicillin and 1% streptomycin. Cultures were maintained in 5% CO2 at 37 °C, and were passaged every two days. Transient transfections were performed using Attractene Transfection Reagent according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Qiagen, Valencia, CA).
Bacterially expressed recombinant PAK2 protein was purified as described previously [11]. Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3) transformed with the plasmids was incubated for 4 h at 37 °C with 1 mM isopropyl-thio-D-galactoside to induce the expression of proteins which was purified with a glutathione-Sepharose 4B column. In vivo GTPase Rac1 activation assays were performed according to the protocol of the ProFound Pull-Down GST Protein:Protein Interaction Kit (Thermo number 21,516). HA-tagged Rac1 was cotransfected into HEK 293T cells with FLAG-tagged WT or mutant FRMD7 using Attractene Transfection Reagent (Qiagen), cultured for 48 h, and lysed. Cell lysates were clarified by centrifugation, and the supernatant was incubated with 100 µg of GST-PAK2 protein immobilized on glutathione-Sepharose beads for 3 min. Beads were washed and eluted in 1X loading buffer. Total protein were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (8% gels) and transferred to a PVDF membrane (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). After blocking, membranes were incubated with the primary mouse antiflag antibody (Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) at 1:4,000 dilution, anti-HA monoclonal antibody (Abmart, Shanghai, China) at 1:2,000, and the membrane-bound antibody was visualized with horseradish peroxidase–conjugated secondary antibody (Abmart, Shanghai, China), diluted 1:5,000. The membranes were processed using the ECL advance western blotting detection kit (Qiagen).
All values are expressed as the mean±standard error of the mean. The differences between the two groups were compared using unpaired t tests. A difference of p<0.05 was considered significant.
The family pedigree is shown in Figure 1. The disease was clearly transmitted via female carriers to affected males. No male-to-male transmission was identified, indicating that the disease is inherited in an XL dominant pattern. The penetrance of nystagmus within this family varied considerably in the female carriers, but was consistently complete in the male offspring. All seven affected individuals developed nystagmus before 6 months of age and had reduced visual acuity. Normal color vision and fundoscopic examination were recorded in affected individuals. The proband (III:5 in Figure 1), a 39-year-old woman with a five-year history of hypertension and diabetes, was admitted to the Department of Neurology with headache and sudden-onset weakness in her right limbs. Neurological examination on admission showed normal consciousness with a Glasgow coma scale score of 15/15. Her muscle strength was 3/5 in the right upper limb and 2/5 in the right lower limb. She demonstrated a right-sided hemiplegia; the biceps, triceps, and patellar tendon reflexes were all grade 3/4 bilaterally. Hemisensory deficit was found and the right Babinski sign was positive. The proband’s pupils were 3 mm in diameter bilaterally with normal light reflexes. There was conjugate and horizontal nystagmus in both eyes. A cranial computed tomography scan showed a hyperdense lesion in the left putamina that was consistent with cerebral hemorrhage. Chest radiography showed normal results. The laboratory results were as follows: glucose, 198.7 mg/dl (normal: 70 to 110 mg/dl); HbA1c, 10.5% (normal: 4.3%–6.3%); serum sodium, 136 mmol/l (normal: 135 to 145 mmol/l); and serum potassium, 4.33 mmol/l (normal: 3.5–5.5 mmol/l). Urinalysis revealed glucosuria (3+) and ketonuria (-).The clinical features of all participating individuals are shown in Table 1.
A novel missense mutation (c.635T>C, in exon 4) of the FRMD7 gene was identified in all affected members. Obligate female carriers were heterozygous in these mutations and the affected males were homozygous, consistent with XL- inheritance (Figure 2). This mutation, which has not been reported previously, cosegregated with all affected members in this Chinese family, but was not detected in 100 unrelated normal controls or in unaffected pedigree members.
To investigate whether this novel missense mutation of FRMD7 influenced Rac1 signaling activation, we used affinity GST-PAK2 precipitation to measure the amount of activated Rac1 in human HEK 293T cells transiently cotransfected with WT or mutant FRMD7 and Rac1 [10]. The quantity of activated Rac1 induced by this novel missense mutant FRMD7 (c.635T>C) protein was obviously decreased compared with WT (p<0.05; Figure 3).
We reported a novel heterozygous missense mutation (c.635T>C in exon 4) of the FRMD7 gene in a family with ICN. The mutant results in an amino acid exchange from leucine to proline, which is a conserved residue and close to the FERM domains that play important role in the function of the FRMD7 [12]. This mutation in FRMD7 influences the activation of Rac1 signaling, which might be a potential underlying mechanism for the pathogenesis of XL-ICN. To date, more than 45 different mutations within FRMD7 have been reported in ICN patients, approximately 75% of which are unique and have only been identified in one ICN family. These mutations are concentrated mainly within the FERM and FA domains, suggesting that these regions play important roles in the function of FRMD7 [3-6,13-18]. The FERM domain of FRMD7 is located between amino acids 2 and 282 (ensemble, ENSP00000298542), while the FA domain is located between amino acids 288 and 336 (ensemble, ENSP00000298542). FERM domains have three-lobed “cloverleaf” structures, each lobe representing a compactly folded structure. The FA region is found next to FERM domains in a subset of FERM-containing proteins, suggesting that FRMD7 is involved in signal transduction between the plasma membrane and cytoskeleton [7,8]. The FRMD7 gene is also homologous to FARP1 and FARP2, particularly at the N-terminus.
Previous studies have shown that FARP1 and FARP2 are involved in neurite outgrowth and branching [19,20], and it has been recently confirmed that FRMD7 has a positive effect on this process [21]. On the other hand, more than half of the mutations identified within FRMD7 are missense. These mutants had a common effect on reducing the neurite length with a varied amount of inhibition for each mutant. FRMD7 function can be disrupted by destabilizing the protein, disrupting its binding with interacting partners, and/or preventing regulatory modifications to the protein, such as the interaction between FRMD7 with calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) during neuronal functioning [7,21,22].
In previous studies, the FRMD7 protein was shown to be expressed at the actin-rich distal ends of growth cones, affecting the elongation of neurites and therefore suggesting that it may regulate growth cone guidance [8,21]. Rho GTPases are key regulators of actin cytoskeleton dynamics [23]. Therefore, the recruitment and activation of the Rho family of small GTPases (Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA) and their regulators, which are thought to be the most crucial steps in the formation and movement of the neuronal growth cone, require further investigation [24]. The FERM domain containing the protein radixin is known to be an upstream regulator of Rho GTPase signaling at the growth cone. Previous studies have demonstrated that FRMD7-regulated neuronal outgrowth may be involved in signal transduction from the plasma membrane receptors to the cytoskeleton [25].
In our study, FRMD7 was shown to activate GTPase Rac1 signaling in vitro; however, the amount of activated Rac1 induced by the novel missense mutant (c.635T>C) FRMD7 was obviously decreased. Much evidence indicates that the GTPase Rac1 signaling pathway plays a key role in the regulation of neurite elongation in the developmental stage [26]. Therefore, it can be speculated that its effects at least partly result from the activation of Rac1 signaling induced by FRMD7. Mutations of FRMD7 downregulate the activation of Rac1 signaling, which may be linked to the pathogenesis of idiopathic congenital nystagmus. There are three known regulators of Rac1 GTPase: GTPase-activating proteins, guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), and the Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI). Interestingly, FARP1 and FARP2 both function as GEFs, which promote the exchange of GDP for GTP and directly activate Rho GTPases [11,20,23]. However, FERM proteins interact directly with Rho GDI to initiate the activation of Rho small G-proteins. Therefore, the mechanism by which FRMD7 activates Rac1 signaling, acts as a GEF, or interacts with Rho GDI requires further investigation.
In summary, we have identified a novel missense mutation of FRMD7, c.635T>C, and demonstrated that FRMD7 activates GTPase Rac1 signaling. However, this signaling is downregulated by this novel mutation, which is therefore implicated in the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of XL-ICN.
The authors thank the families for their enthusiasm and participation in this study. This study was partly supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (81,171,227) and (81,100,968).