Figure 1. Induction of allergy-related cytokines by interleukin-4/interleukin-13 and tumor necrosis factor-α in human conjunctival epithelial cells. Cells were treated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and IL-13 alone or in the indicated combinations for 24 h. Cytokine/chemokine levels in the media were analyzed with Luminex. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM), n=3. * versus control; † versus calculated combined effect of IL-4/IL-13 and TNF-α; p<0.05.