Figure 4. Ethyl pyruvate toxicity by pretreatment only. The numbers of cells that remained alive at each experimental time point are expressed as a percent of cells that were alive at 0 h (left panel) and cumulative cell death at each time point is expressed as percent increase in dead cells compared to 0 h samples (right panel). Live and dead cell numbers were determined with calcien AM and ethidium homodimer staining, respectively. Samples that received only pretreatment with ethyl pyruvate (EP) showed no increase in cell survival and minimal decrease in cell death, compared to control samples. The asterisk indicates a statistically significant difference in the mean from the 0 mM EP samples at that time point (p<0.05). Means ± standard deviations for n=3 samples are plotted.