Figure 6. Advanced glycation end products–BSA (AGE-BSA) induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A expression is modulated by glycyrrhizin, antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), or specific c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor in retinal ganglion cell (RGC)-5 cells. Both glycyrrhizin (A) and NAC (B) significantly decreased the AGE-BSA-induced increase of VEGF-A concentration in the culture media of RGC-5 cells (n=8). (C) AGE-BSA-induced increase of VEGF-A concentration in the culture media of RGC-5 (n=8), was significantly decreased by SP600125 (a specific JNK inhibitor), but not SB230850 (5 μM; p38 inhibitor), as well as PD98059 and U0126 (10 μM each; extracellular-signal-regulated kinase [ERK] inhibitors).