Figure 1. Advanced glycation end products–BSA (AGE-BSA) treatment results in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A upregulation in retinal ganglion cell (RGC)-5 cells. A: The VEGF-A concentration in the media of RGC-5 cells treated with 100 to 1,000 μg/ml of AGE-BSA for 24 h was detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). (n=8, * p<0.05, between AGE-BSA and BSA control). B: The change in the VEGF-A mRNA levels of RGC-5 cell was detected with real-time qPCR after incubation with AGE-BSA (200 μg/ml) for 12 to 24 h (n=3). C: VEGF-A concentration in conditioned media increased over time after incubation of RGC-5 cells with 200 μg/ml of AGE-BSA (n=8).