Figure 5. Hyperglycemia evokes [Ca²⁺]i-dependent and CaMKll-dependent mitochondrial membrane depolarization in RF/6A cells. A-D: Analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in each treatment group. RF/6A cells were treated for 96 h with A: 5.5 mM glucose (NG), B: 30 mM glucose (HG), C: HG plus either 2-APB, or D: KN93, and ΔΨm was analyzed by JC-1 staining. Loss of ΔΨm was demonstrated by the change in JC-1 fluorescence from red (JC-1 aggregates) to green (JC-1 monomers). E: The bar diagram showed the ratio of JC-1 red fluorescence to green fluorescence under each treatment condition. Data represented mean±SD of three independent experiments. * p<0.05 versus NG; ^# p<0.05 versus HG; ^# p<0.05 versus NG.