Figure 2. The effects of MMC on TGFβ-induced cell proliferation and gene expression. A: The effect of MMC and TGFβ on cell proliferation showed that 0.02 and 0.002 mg/ml significantly reduced (p<0.001) cell growth compared to TGFβ alone. B: RT–PCR for MCP-1 and αSMA showed that TGFβ alone induces the expression of both MCP-1 and αSMA, but that MMC dose dependently blocks MCP-1, while increasing αSMA mRNA when normalized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH).