Figure 1. Pirfenidone inhibited transforming growth factor- β1 (TGF- β1)-induced morphological changes and actin rearrangement in a human retinal pigment epithelial cells, ARPE-19. A: ARPE-19 cells were incubated in the absence or presence of pirfenidone (500 mg/l) or hydroxyfasudil (10 μmol/l) for 1 h, treated with TGF-β1 (10 μg/l) for an additional 48 h, and visualized with phase contrast microscopy. The data shown are representative of at least four independent experiments. Magnification, 100×. Scale bar=20 μm. B: Cells were incubated in the absence or presence of pirfenidone (500 mg/l) or hydroxyfasudil (10 μmol/l) for 1 h, treated with TGF-β1 (10 μg/l) for an additional 48 h, and stained with rhodamine-labeled phalloidin for F-actin and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated antibodies for N-cadherin. The data shown are representative of at least three independent experiments. Magnification, 400×. Scale bar=20 μm. C: Cells were incubated in the absence or presence of pirfenidone (500 mg/l) for 1 h and then treated with TGF-β1 (10 μg/l) for varying time periods. The total cell lysates were subjected to immunoblot analysis for phospho-cofilin, cofilin, and β-actin. The data shown are representative of at least two independent experiments. Control: untreated, PFD: pirfenidone, fasudil: hydroxyfasudil.