Figure 3. Quantitative analysis of gene expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) cells after fenretinide treatment. Real-time PCR was employed to examine quantitative differences in mRNA expression between dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)- and fenretinide (FR)-treated cells. Data shown are mean relative expression levels±standard error of the mean after normalization to the geometric mean of Gapdh, Tubb, and β2m (n=4).