Figure 2. Forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) was activated in response to Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) in retinal pericytes. Primary bovine retinal pericytes were stimulated with TNF-α (20 ng/ml), carboxymethyllysine (CML)-collagen, or collagen (200 μg/ml) for 1 h. After nuclear extraction, activation of FOXO1 was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Unlabeled FOXO1 in excess was used as a competitive inhibitor. A probe with nonspecific sequence (nonspecific oligonucleotide) was used as a negative control. The experiment was performed three times with similar results.