Figure 4. ATP-liposome treatment reduces inflammatory gene and protein expression following ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury A: Differential expression of cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, and nitric oxide (NO) synthase was assessed in sham-operated (sham) controls and in the ischemic retinas of ATP (ATP)-, phosphatidylcholine (PC)-liposome-, and PBS-treated animals 24 h after reperfusion. Gene expression was assessed using real-time PCR in sham-operated controls and experimental retinas following IR. For each gene, results are expressed as a percentage of corresponding value in the sham-operated eye of PBS-treated animals±standard error of the mean after normalization to β-actin (*p<0.05, six animals per group). B: Immunohistochemistry for the Il1b, Il6, Ccl2, and Cxcl10 protein accumulation in post-ischemic retinas of ATP-, PC-liposome-, and PBS-treated mice is consistent with increased levels of the transcripts at the level of corresponding proteins. Scale bar indicates 100 μm.