Figure 3. As a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein mitigates tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) release in stimulated retinal microglia cells. A: Genistein’s dose-dependent inhibition of TNF-α release from activated microglia. Cells were treated with (500 μg/ml) glycated albumin for 4 h in the presence of indicated concentrations of genistein. TNF-α released was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Values represent the means percentage±SD of TNF-α release compared with that of glycated albumin-treated in presence of vehicle for three experiments. B: Genistein also had no effect on cell viability, as determined by trypan blue exclusion test. C: Time-dependent, glycated albumin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation in microglial cells. Cells were treated with (500 μg/ml) glycated albumin in the presence or absence of 100 µM genistein for the indicated time. Phosphorylated tyrosine was determined by Western analysis. Intensities of phosphorylated tyrosine for each time points were compared with the control (time 0). Data shown is the mean±SD of three experiments. * p<0.001 compared with 0 time; $ p<0.001 compared with non-genistein treated, 1 h; # p<0.001 compared with non-genistein treated, 4 h.