Molecular Vision
2010; 16:1736-1742
<http://www.molvis.org/molvis/v16/a188> Received 6 May 2010 | Accepted 20 August 2010 | Published 25 August 2010
Molecular Vision
2010; 16:1736-1742
<http://www.molvis.org/molvis/v16/a188>
Received 6 May 2010 | Accepted 20 August 2010 | Published 25 August
2010
Naihong Yan,1 Shuping Cai,1 Bo Guo,1 Yi Mou,1 Jing Zhu,1 Jun Chen,1 Ting Zhang,1 Ronghua Li,2 Xuyang Liu1
The first two authors contributed equally to this work
1Ophthalmic Laboratories and Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China; 2Department of Medical Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
Correspondence to: Dr. Xuyang Liu, Ophthalmic Laboratories and Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China; Phone: (86) 28-85164067; FAX: (86)28-85164005; email: xliu1213@yahoo.com.cn
Purpose: To analyze mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) gene mutations in a 19-year-old female patient, who presented with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), together with her mother and younger sister.
Methods: The diagnosis of mitochondrial myopathy was made based on clinical and biologic analysis. Histochemical methods were used to detect ragged-red fibers (RRFs) and ragged-blue fibers (RBFs) on a muscle biopsy of the patient. All mitochondrial gene DNA fragments of the patient, her mother, and younger sister were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The products were sequenced and compared with reference databases.
Results: A novel T1658C mutation and a known A10006G mutation were identified in the mitochondrial tRNAVal gene and the tRNAGly gene, respectively, in the patient, her mother, and younger sister. The T1658C mutation changes the T loop structure of mitochondrial tRNAVal and the A10006G mutation disturbs the D loop of mitochondrial tRNAGly.
Conclusions: The T1658C and A10006G mutations of mtDNA may be responsible for the pathogenesis of the patient with CPEO.
Mitochondrial myopathies, usually maternally inherited and involving multiple organs, are a group of neuromuscular diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction [1]. Most mitochondrial myopathies occur before the age of 20 and often begin with exercise intolerance or muscle weakness. Prognoses for the disorders are poor, with severity ranging from progressive weakness to death [2].
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) is the most common mitochondrial myopathy, making up an estimated two-thirds of all incidences of mitochondrial-associated disorders. Patients typically present with progressive paralysis of the extraocular muscles. Patients usually experience bilateral, symmetric, and progressive ptosis, followed by ophthalmoparesis months or years later. Deletions and mutations of mitochondrial DNA lead to CPEO, and several point mutations in mitochondrial tRNA (mt tRNA) genes are known to be associated with CPEO [3].
A 19-year-old female Han Chinese patient presented with progressive bilateral blepharoptosis, which was first noticed at age 13. The symptoms were neither alleviated in the morning nor aggravated in the evening. She was prone to fatigue after exercise. The family medical history was not significant. A complete clinical examination of both her mother and sister had been performed and no disorders were noticed. This patient and her family were recruited from the clinic at the Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China. One hundred and forty-eight control subjects, random normal Han Chinese living in the same region as the patient, were also recruited from the West China Hospital. The study was approved by the West China Hospital Sichuan University Institute Review Board. This study adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
An open muscle biopsy was performed by obtaining tissue through a small incision from the patient’s left musculus biceps brachii. The biopsy was divided into two parts: one part was snap frozen in isopentane pre-cooled in liquid nitrogen for cryosections, and the other part was fixed in 10% buffered formalin for routine paraffin embedded sections. The sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), modified Gomori trichrome (MGT), and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH).
Genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood of the patient, her mother, and sister using the phenol-chloroform method. First, the three individuals’ DNA fragments spanning the whole mitochondrial gene were amplified by PCR using 24 pairs of oliodeoxynucleotides (Table 1) which sets the light (L) strand and the heavy (H) strand [4]. The overlapping PCR products were purified and subsequently analyzed by direct sequencing in an ABI 3700 automated DNA sequencer using the Big Dye Terminator Cycle sequencing reaction kit. Next, two mitochondrial regions covering 1658 and 10006 from 148 control DNA samples were amplified by PCR and sequenced.
The patient—the only subject manifesting CPEO in the pedigree—had previously undergone thorough ophthalmic examinations. Her visual acuity was 20/80 in the right eye (O.D.) and 20/100 in the left eye (O.S.). Bilateral and asymmetric ptosis was noticed. The palpebral aperture was 3 mm for the O.D. and 5 mm for the O.S. The abduction and adduction of the left eye were mildly limited, yet the supraduction and deorsumduction appeared normal. The movement of the left eye was normal. Binocular diplopia was noticed in all directions. Both pupils were equal, round, and reactive to light. The anterior segment was unremarkable. Visual evoked potential showed P100 latency (positive peak at around 100 ms) was delayed in both eyes and P100 amplitude was reduced in the O.D.
Other examinations included neurologic examinations, laboratory tests, and a skeletal muscle biopsy. The muscle strength of proximal extremities was normal (5/5), but was slightly weak at the distal end (4/5). The muscular tension of extremities was within normal limits and myotonia was absent. Deep reflexes and sensation were normal. Routine blood and urine tests were unremarkable. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the head showed no abnormality. The antinuclear antibody (ANA) was negative. An electromyologram (EMG) showed the right ulnar nerve has no abnormality in low and high frequency stimulation. Histological examinations showed ragged-red fibers (RRFs) and ragged-blue fibers (RBFs) on the patient’s muscle biopsy (Figure 1), consistent with the pathological features of mitochondrial myopathy.
To determine the role of mitochondrial abnormalities in the pathogenesis of this patient with CPEO, the 24 PCR fragments spanning the entire mitochondrial genome of the affected individual, her mother, and younger sister were analyzed by direct sequencing. The comparison of the resultant sequences with the Revised Cambridge Reference Sequence [5] revealed several nucleotide changes, as shown in Table 2, Figure 2, and Figure 3. The patient’s mitochondrial sequence results are identical to those of her mother and sister, except the T1658C mutation of the patient’s young sister is T/C heterozygous in the mitochondrial tRNAVal gene. There were no T1658C or A10006G mutations in the148 control subjects.
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, characterized by limited ocular motility in all directions of gaze and ptosis, is the most common manifestation of mitochondrial myopathy and usually occurs in young adulthood. Ptosis is usually the first clinical sign, but ophthalmoplegia may not become apparent for months or even years. The ptosis is usually bilateral and symmetric.
The diagnosis of CPEO relies upon a combination of different approaches, including clinical data, neurologic examinations, laboratory tests, and a skeletal muscle biopsy. Ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsies are observed in a wide variety of mitochondrial diseases. The presence of more than 2% RRFs on skeletal muscle biopsies can be considered one of the criteria required for the diagnosis of mitochondrial disease. Figure 1 shows RRFs and RBFs on the patient’s muscle biopsy. Stained with MGT staining, one can see an accumulation of enlarged mitochondria in the RRFs. Therefore, changes and dysfunction of mitochondria are the pathogenesis of CPEO.
Over the past two decades, numerous genetic causes of CPEO have been described [6-30]. Most present at mt tRNA genes, affecting mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR), tRNAIle, tRNAAla, tRNAAsn, tRNALys, tRNALeu(CUN), and tRNAGly genes, including A3243G, T3250C, and C3254T in the tRNALeu(UUR) gene; T4274C, T4285C, G4298A, and G4309A in the tRNAIle gene; T5628C in the tRNAAla gene; T5692C and G5703A in the tRNAAsn gene; G12294A, A12308G, T12311C, and 12315A in the tRNALeu(CUN) gene; and an A10006G mutation in the tRNAGly genes [6-30]. Most of these point mutations in mt tRNA genes have been proved only once and appeared to be limited to one patient or one family; some point mutations have been reported in different pedigrees [22]. Therefore, mt tRNA mutations play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of CPEO.
There are 44 nucleotide changes in this CPEO subject’s mitochondrial genome that belong to haplogroup D4f. Most nucleotide changes are polymorphisms and are not associated with human diseases. However, two mutations in this subject, T1658C in the tRNAVal gene and A10006G in the tRNAGly gene, may be responsible for this disorder.
In fact, Lauber et al. [22] first reported a CPEO patient with a tRNAGly A10006G mutation. Sternberg et al. [16] also found this mutation in a patient with oculomotor myopathy. Münscher et al. [14] identified tRNAGly A10006G, a mutation known to be associated with aging, in patients with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) and CPEO. Our results, as exhibited in Figure 2D,E and Figure 3B, show the A10006G mutation is located at position 16 on the D loop of tRNAGly. Most importantly, this mutation changes the structure of the D loop of mt tRNAGly. T1658C is a novel mutation, located at position 57 of tRNAVal. Figure 2A-C show that wild type T at position 57 matches with A at position 50 in tRNAVal. When position 57 T changes to C, the mutant 57 C does not match with position 50 A. Therefore, one base pair on the T arm of tRNAVal is split and the T loop is extended.
Mitochondrion has its own tRNAs to carry amino acids to synthesize mitochondrial proteins essential for ATP production. Each tRNA is charged with the proper amino acid via a covalent ester bond at their 3′ end by the specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. In our study, the structural changes of mt tRNAGly and tRNAVal, like the A3243G mutation in mt tRNALeu(UUR) [30,31], may influence their structural stability, modifications, 3′ end processing, and aminoacylations and decrease mitochondrial protein synthesis and ATP production. Valine is one of these essential amino acids. The defective mt tRNAVal will reduce the transportation efficiency for valine, leading to insufficient valine in the mitochondrial translation. Therefore, the T1658C mutation leads to the T loop structural change of mt tRNAVal, indicating a role in the development of CPEO in this individual. Furthermore, the mitochondrial sequence of the patient’s younger sister is 1658 T/C heterozygous; however, her sister has not manifested CPEO.
Muscle, especially extraocular muscle, consumes a lot of energy. Mitochondrial tRNA mutations may cause the dysfunction of mitochondrial translation. Our results suggest that T1658C, a newly identified mutation as an independent factor or one associated with the A10006G mutation, may contribute to the pathogenesis of CPEO. However, the molecular mechanisms of T1658C that cause CPEO and the confounding effects of T1658C and A10006G mutations have yet to be elucidated. To determine the role of the mutations (T1658C and /or A10006G) in mitochondrial dysfunction, the lymphoblastoid cell lines should be generated—using blood from the patient and her family members, as well as control subjects—and studied. Further study of the pathogenetic role of mtT1658C in CPEO patients with this mitochondrial mutation only is also needed.
It is noted that the DNA extracted from muscle tissue should be more appropriate for use in the mutational study than that extracted from blood since the changes in muscular mtDNA would be more convincing in explaining the involvement of selective extraocular muscles in CPEO.
Dr. Ronghua Li and Dr. Xuyang Liu contributed equally to the science of the project and can be considered as co-corresponding authors. The authors wish to thank Dr. Yun Yuan from Beijing University First Hospital for histological examination.