Figure 6. Heat-shock response and cell stress signaling. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed specific upregulation of Hsp70 in G98R CRYAA cells treated with TMAO, whereas other stress-inducible genes remained unchanged. No changes were found for TMAO treatment on nontransfected cells. Hsp70: heat-shock protein 70; CRYAA: αA crystallin; TMAO: trimethylamine N-oxide