Figure 3. BOL-303242-X demonstrates similar activity as triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in reducing LPS-induced cytokine release in human optic nerve astrocytes. Cells were pretreated with BOL-303242-X or TA for 2 h, and then further treated with vehicle (0.1% DMSO), LPS, BOL-303242-X, TA, or combinations of them at the indicated doses for 18 h. Cytokine content in the conditioned media was determined by Luminex. Data are means±SEM; n=3. The asterisk indicates a p≤0.05 versus LPS. The dagger indicates a p≤0.05 versus TA at the same concentration. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey-Kramer test on raw data. A Student’s t-test was used to determine whether LPS was effective at increasing cytokine release. The solid bar is statistically significant versus the gray bar.