Molecular Vision: Sullivan, Mol Vis 2009; 15:1553-1572. Table 4

Table 4. Impact of testosterone on the expression of gene ontologies in the female lacrimal gland.

Ontology	Testosterone genes ↑	Placebo genes ↑	Testosterone z-score	Placebo z-score
Biological process
cell cycle	54	48	4.42	-1.43
mitotic cell cycle	25	18	4.02	-0.94
DNA metabolic process	35	25	3.78	-2.01
protein metabolic process	98	248	-2.06	2.45
anatomical structure development	81	173	-2.51	-1.66
multicellular organismal process	119	231	-2.52	-2.88

translation	5	62	-2.64	7.28
cellular protein metabolic process	96	242	-2.02	2.36
proteolysis	30	89	-1.59	2.06
protein amino acid phosphorylation	30	36	-0.44	-3.47
signal transduction	113	152	0.67	-4.06
cell communication	122	169	0.14	-4.59
Molecular function
transferase activity, transferring acyl groups	15	5	3.18	-2.35
small GTPase regulator activity	13	8	2.47	-1.38
vitamin binding	10	12	2.07	0.73
endopeptidase activity	8	38	-2.04	1.88
calcium ion binding	24	71	-2.2	0.59

structural constituent of ribosome	5	51	-0.8	11.45
structural molecule activity	12	75	-1.62	7.63
hydrogen ion transmembrane transporter activity	5	18	0.73	4.68
ribonucleotide binding	65	95	-0.53	-3.21
signal transducer activity	64	91	-0.37	-3.24
transferase activity	83	97	1.63	-3.28
Cellular component
chromosome	28	11	3.91	-3.17
nucleolus	13	18	2.84	2.1
nucleus	207	329	2.43	-0.23
plasma membrane part	40	77	-2.25	-2.76

ribosome	6	59	-1.15	10.91
ribonucleoprotein complex	13	85	-1.69	8.59
macromolecular complex	80	228	-1.12	5.79
chromosomal part	22	9	3.39	-2.77
intrinsic to membrane	163	281	-0.89	-2.58
membrane	230	417	-1.46	-2.43

Specific ontologies, with some of the highest and lowest z-scores, were selected after the analysis of non-transformed data. A z-score is a statistical rating of the relative expression of gene ontologies, and shows how much each ontology is over- or under-represented in a given gene list. In other words, the z-score is a standardized difference using the expected value and standard deviation of the number of genes meeting the criterion of a gene ontology term under a hypergeometric distribution [97]. Positive z scores represent gene ontology terms with a greater number of genes meeting the criterion than is expected by chance, whereas negative z scores reflect gene ontology terms with fewer genes meeting the criterion than expected by chance. A z score close to zero indicates that the number of genes meeting the criterion approximates the expected number [97]. Z-scores with values >2.0 or less than <-2.0, and with ≥20 genes, are shown for selected ontologies. High and low values for the placebo and testosterone groups in designated ontologies are highlighted in bold print. Terms: Testosterone genes ↑ - number of genes up-regulated in lacrimal glands of testosterone-treated mice, as compared to those of the ‘placebo’ group; Placebo genes ↑ - number of genes up-regulated in lacrimal glands of placebo-treated mice, relative to those of the ‘testosterone’ group; z-score - specific score for the up-regulated genes in the placebo- and hormone-treated lacrimal glands.