Table 2. Mean pre and postoperative aqueous cytokine leves

Patient groups: general anesthesia with (GA+) and without (GA-) ketamine, and local anesthesia (LA). Aqueous cytokines: interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interferon (IFN)-γ, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). It should be noted that to determine the approximate mean values, a cut-off value at either the lower or higher concentration range was used. The values in this table should, therefore, only be considered as an approximated concentration. Although there were large differences in the mean pre to postoperative aqueous cytokine responses there were no significant differences between the three patient groups.