Table 2. Effect of carnosine on fructose 6-phosphate- and ribose-induced decreases in chaperone activity of αL-crystallin

Percent protection against aggregation after incubation for 0, 15, and 25 days for combinations of αL-crystallin (α), 100 mM fructose 6-phosphate (F6P), 100 mM ribose (R), and carnosine (C). The asterisk indicates a statistically significant difference between α and α+F6P at 15 days (p=0.0001). The double asterisk indicates a statistically significant difference between α and α+F6P at 25 days (p=0.0001). The triple asterisk indicates a statistically significant difference between α+F6P and α+F6P+100 mM C at 25 days (p=0.2565). The single sharp (hash mark) indicates a statistically significant difference between α and α+R at 15 days (p<0.0001). The double sharp indicates a statistically significant difference between α and α+R at 25 days (p<0.0001).

αL-crystallin
 preparation       0 day      15 day         25 day
--------------    --------   ----------   ------------
α                 99.0±1.0    83.6±9.0    90.9± 4.7
α+F6P             98.0±0.5     2.7±1.6*    4.1± 4.8**
α+F6P+50 mM C     95.0±4.8     3.9±2.2     3.1± 2.3
α+F6P+100 mM C    93.4±5.0     3.1±2.3    13.2±13.4***
α+R               98.2±2.2    27.4±2.9#    1.6± 1.3##
α+R+50 mM C       97.1±1.0     3.2±1.1     3.1± 1.8
α+R+100 mM C      98.0±1.3     6.4±2.2     2.3± 1.3