This review summarizes the Ernst H. Bárány Prize Lecture given at the XVI. meeting 2004 of the International Society of Eye Research in Sydney, Australia. The article describes the author's early studies starting with the determination of the site of aqueous humour outflow resistance and its regulation through ciliary muscle contraction, which were performed in collaborations with Bárány. It continues with the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the trabecular meshwork (TM) changes seen in different kinds of glaucoma diseases. A comparison of correlations between meshwork pathology, IOP, and axon loss in the optic nerve between eyes with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG) and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) indicates that in the secondary glaucoma (PEXG) optic neuropathy is mainly induced by an increase in IOP. In eyes with POAG, the correlations point towards a more complex pathogenesis of the disease. Common factors might be involved in both the TM and the optic nerve changes. In vitro studies performed in cell cultures of human TM cells and optic nerve astrocytes as well as organ culture studies of the anterior eye segment indicate that TGFbeta2 might be one of the factors involved in the development of POAG. The paper is primarily focused on studies performed by the author and complete reference to other previous or contemporary studies is therefore not given as the purpose is not to present a comprehensive review article.