Diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy

Med Clin North Am. 2004 Jul;88(4):1001-36, xi. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2004.04.012.

Abstract

Diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy are arguably the two most dreaded complications of diabetes. Together they contribute to serious morbidity and mortality. As they progress to end-stage renal disease and blindness, they impose enormous medical, economic,and social costs on both the patient and the health care system. Because nephropathy and retinopathy are frequently linked in patients,this article reviews their common and individual aspects of pathophysiology, clinical features, and management.

Publication types

  • Comparative Study
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Age Distribution
  • Aged
  • Biopsy, Needle
  • Blood Glucose / drug effects
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / complications*
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / diagnosis
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / drug therapy
  • Diabetic Nephropathies / diagnosis
  • Diabetic Nephropathies / epidemiology*
  • Diabetic Nephropathies / etiology*
  • Diabetic Retinopathy / diagnosis
  • Diabetic Retinopathy / epidemiology*
  • Diabetic Retinopathy / etiology*
  • Female
  • Glomerular Filtration Rate
  • Humans
  • Hyperglycemia / complications
  • Hyperglycemia / diagnosis
  • Hypoglycemic Agents / therapeutic use
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Incidence
  • Kidney Glomerulus / pathology
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Prognosis
  • Risk Assessment
  • Severity of Illness Index
  • Sex Distribution

Substances

  • Blood Glucose
  • Hypoglycemic Agents