Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate pathogen recognition molecules for microbial products. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a membrane constituent of Gram-negative bacteria, is one of the most potent microbial products. LPS is recognized by TLR4 and MD-2. TLR4 is a transmembrane protein, the extracellular domain of which is composed of a protein motif called leucine-rich repeats (LRR). MD-2 is an extracellular molecule that is associated with the extracellular LRR of TLR4. MD-2 has a role in cell surface expression of TLR4 and interaction with LPS. TLR4-MD-2 contributes to containment of infections by Gram-negative bacteria by activating immune responses.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Review
MeSH terms
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Acute-Phase Proteins / immunology
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Acute-Phase Proteins / physiology
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Animals
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Antigens, CD / immunology
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Antigens, CD / physiology
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Antigens, Ly / immunology
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Antigens, Ly / physiology
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Antigens, Surface / immunology
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Antigens, Surface / physiology
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B-Lymphocytes / immunology
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B-Lymphocytes / physiology
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Carrier Proteins / immunology
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Carrier Proteins / physiology
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Endotoxins / immunology
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Endotoxins / physiology*
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Gene Expression / physiology
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Humans
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Immunity, Innate / immunology
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Immunity, Innate / physiology
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Ligands
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Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / immunology
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Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / physiology
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Lymphocyte Antigen 96
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Membrane Glycoproteins / immunology
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Membrane Glycoproteins / physiology*
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Models, Biological
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Receptors, Cell Surface / immunology
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Receptors, Cell Surface / physiology*
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Toll-Like Receptor 4
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Toll-Like Receptors
Substances
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Acute-Phase Proteins
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Antigens, CD
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Antigens, Ly
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Antigens, Surface
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CD180 protein, human
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Carrier Proteins
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Endotoxins
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LY86 protein, human
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LY96 protein, human
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Ligands
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Lipopolysaccharide Receptors
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Ly78 protein, mouse
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Ly86 protein, mouse
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Ly96 protein, mouse
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Lymphocyte Antigen 96
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Membrane Glycoproteins
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Receptors, Cell Surface
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TLR4 protein, human
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Toll-Like Receptor 4
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Toll-Like Receptors
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lipopolysaccharide-binding protein