Endotoxin recognition molecules, Toll-like receptor 4-MD-2

Semin Immunol. 2004 Feb;16(1):11-6. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2003.10.007.

Abstract

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate pathogen recognition molecules for microbial products. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a membrane constituent of Gram-negative bacteria, is one of the most potent microbial products. LPS is recognized by TLR4 and MD-2. TLR4 is a transmembrane protein, the extracellular domain of which is composed of a protein motif called leucine-rich repeats (LRR). MD-2 is an extracellular molecule that is associated with the extracellular LRR of TLR4. MD-2 has a role in cell surface expression of TLR4 and interaction with LPS. TLR4-MD-2 contributes to containment of infections by Gram-negative bacteria by activating immune responses.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Acute-Phase Proteins / immunology
  • Acute-Phase Proteins / physiology
  • Animals
  • Antigens, CD / immunology
  • Antigens, CD / physiology
  • Antigens, Ly / immunology
  • Antigens, Ly / physiology
  • Antigens, Surface / immunology
  • Antigens, Surface / physiology
  • B-Lymphocytes / immunology
  • B-Lymphocytes / physiology
  • Carrier Proteins / immunology
  • Carrier Proteins / physiology
  • Endotoxins / immunology
  • Endotoxins / physiology*
  • Gene Expression / physiology
  • Humans
  • Immunity, Innate / immunology
  • Immunity, Innate / physiology
  • Ligands
  • Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / immunology
  • Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / physiology
  • Lymphocyte Antigen 96
  • Membrane Glycoproteins / immunology
  • Membrane Glycoproteins / physiology*
  • Models, Biological
  • Receptors, Cell Surface / immunology
  • Receptors, Cell Surface / physiology*
  • Toll-Like Receptor 4
  • Toll-Like Receptors

Substances

  • Acute-Phase Proteins
  • Antigens, CD
  • Antigens, Ly
  • Antigens, Surface
  • CD180 protein, human
  • Carrier Proteins
  • Endotoxins
  • LY86 protein, human
  • LY96 protein, human
  • Ligands
  • Lipopolysaccharide Receptors
  • Ly78 protein, mouse
  • Ly86 protein, mouse
  • Ly96 protein, mouse
  • Lymphocyte Antigen 96
  • Membrane Glycoproteins
  • Receptors, Cell Surface
  • TLR4 protein, human
  • Toll-Like Receptor 4
  • Toll-Like Receptors
  • lipopolysaccharide-binding protein