Abstract
Pax3 is a paired box transcription factor expressed during somitogenesis that has been implicated in initiating the expression of the myogenic regulatory factors during myogenesis. We find that Pax3 is necessary and sufficient to induce myogenesis in pluripotent stem cells. Pax3 induced the expression of the transcription factor Six1, its cofactor Eya2, and the transcription factor Mox1 prior to inducing the expression of MyoD and myogenin. Overexpression of a dominant negative Pax3, engineered by fusing the active transcriptional repression domain of mouse EN-2 in place of the Pax3 transcriptional activation domain, completely abolished skeletal myogenesis without inhibiting cardiogenesis. Expression of the dominant negative Pax3 resulted in a loss of expression of Six1, Eya2, and endogenous Pax3 as well as a down-regulation in the expression of Mox1. No effect was found on the expression of Gli2. These results indicate that Pax3 activity is essential for skeletal muscle development, the expression of Six1 and Eya2, and is involved in regulating its own expression. In summary, the combined approach of expressing both a wild type and dominant negative transcription factor in stem cells has identified a cascade of transcriptional events controlled by Pax3 that are necessary and sufficient for skeletal myogenesis.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
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Blotting, Northern
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Cells, Cultured
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DNA-Binding Proteins / physiology*
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Down-Regulation
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Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental*
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Genes, Dominant
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Homeodomain Proteins / biosynthesis*
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Humans
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Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
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Models, Biological
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Muscle, Skeletal / embryology*
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Muscle, Skeletal / metabolism*
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Muscles / cytology
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Muscles / metabolism
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MyoD Protein / biosynthesis
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Myogenin / biosynthesis
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NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / metabolism
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NADPH Oxidases*
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Nuclear Proteins
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PAX3 Transcription Factor
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Paired Box Transcription Factors
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Plasmids / metabolism
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Protein Structure, Tertiary
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Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
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Recombinant Fusion Proteins / metabolism
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Stem Cells / metabolism
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Trans-Activators / biosynthesis*
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Transcription Factors*
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Transcription, Genetic
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Transfection
Substances
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DNA-Binding Proteins
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Homeodomain Proteins
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Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
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MYOG protein, human
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MyoD Protein
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Myogenin
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Nuclear Proteins
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PAX3 Transcription Factor
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PAX3 protein, human
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Paired Box Transcription Factors
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Recombinant Fusion Proteins
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SIX1 protein, human
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Six1 protein, mouse
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Trans-Activators
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Transcription Factors
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Pax3 protein, mouse
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NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases
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NADPH Oxidases
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superoxide-forming enzyme
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EYA2 protein, human
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Eya2 protein, mouse
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Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases