Diffusible ligand all-trans-retinal activates opsin via a palmitoylation-dependent mechanism

J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 3;275(9):6189-94. doi: 10.1074/jbc.275.9.6189.

Abstract

In rhodopsin's function as a photoreceptor, 11-cis-retinal is covalently bound to Lys(296) via a protonated Schiff base. 11-cis/all-trans photoisomerization and relaxation through intermediates lead to the metarhodopsin II photoproduct, which couples to transducin (G(t)). Here we have analyzed a different signaling state that arises from noncovalent binding of all-trans-retinal (atr) to the aporeceptor opsin and enhances the very low opsin activity by several orders of magnitude. Like with metarhodopsin II, coupling of G(t) to opsin-atr is sensitive to competition by synthetic peptides from the COOH termini of both G(t)alpha and G(t)gamma. However, atr does not compete with 11-cis-retinal incorporation into the Lys(296) binding site and formation of the light-sensitive pigment. Blue light illumination fails to photorevert opsin-atr to the ground state. Thus noncovalently bound atr has no access to the light-dependent binding site and reaction pathway. Moreover, in contrast to light-dependent signaling, removal of the palmitoyl anchors at Cys(322) and Cys(323) in the rhodopsin COOH terminus impairs the atr-stimulated activity. Repalmitoylation by autoacylation with palmitoyl-coenzyme A restores most of the original activity. We hypothesize that the palmitoyl moieties are part of a second binding pocket for the chromophore, mediating hydrophobic interactions that can activate a large part of the catalytic receptor/G-protein interface.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Acylation
  • Amino Acid Sequence
  • Animals
  • Binding Sites
  • Cattle
  • Fluorescence
  • Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate) / pharmacology
  • Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
  • Isomerism
  • Light
  • Molecular Sequence Data
  • Palmitic Acid / metabolism*
  • Palmitoyl Coenzyme A / metabolism
  • Protein Binding
  • Retinaldehyde / metabolism*
  • Rhodopsin / metabolism
  • Rod Cell Outer Segment / metabolism
  • Rod Opsins / metabolism*
  • Spectrophotometry
  • Transducin / metabolism

Substances

  • Rod Opsins
  • Palmitoyl Coenzyme A
  • Palmitic Acid
  • Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)
  • Rhodopsin
  • Transducin
  • Retinaldehyde